Literature for peptidase S01.156: enteropeptidase

Summary Gene structure Alignment Tree Sequences Sequence features Distribution Structure Literature Substrates

(Topics flags: A Assay, S Structure, I Inhibitor, K Knockout, P Specificity, E Expression, V Review. To select only the references relevant to a single topic, click the link above. See explanation.)

    2026
  1. Ashok,Y., Bubb,K.L., Oy,C., Gorjifard,S., Cuperus,J.T., Queitsch,C. and Fields,S.<br>Dosa: A method to covalently barcode proteins for high-throughput biochemistry<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2026) 123, e2529762123-e2529762123. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  2. 2025
  3. Akanksha, Tripathi,M., Mukherjee,K.J. and Pandey,G.<br>An effective strategy for soluble bovine enterokinase expression in Escherichia coli<br>Biotechnol Lett (2025) 47, 120-120. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  4. 2024
  5. Elia Venanzi,N.A., Basciu,A., Vargiu,A.V., Kiparissides,A., Dalby,P.A. and Dikicioglu,D.<br>Machine Learning Integrating Protein Structure, Sequence, and Dynamics to Predict the Enzyme Activity of Bovine Enterokinase Variants<br>J Chem Inf Model (2024) 64, 2681-2694. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  6. 2023
  7. Chen,Y., Li,Z., Liu,C. and Wang,S.<br>Enterokinase deficiency with novel TMPRSS15 gene mutation masquerading as acrodermatitis enteropathica<br>Pediatr Dermatol (2023) 40, 389-391. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  8. Kelly,C.J., Verdegaal,A.A., Anderson,B.W., Shaw,W.L., Bencivenga-Barry,N.A., Folta-Stogniew,E. and Goodman,A.L.<br>Metformin inhibits digestive proteases and impairs protein digestion in mice<br>J Biol Chem (2023) 299, 105363-105363. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  9. 2022
  10. Ayat,H., Darvishi,O., Moazeni,E. and Momeni Bidezard,A.<br>Comparison of Periplasmic and Cytoplasmic Expression of Bovine Enterokinase Light Chain in E. coli<br>Protein J (2022) 41, 157-165. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  11. Yang,X., Ding,Z., Peng,L., Song,Q., Zhang,D., Cui,F., Xia,C., Li,K., Yin,H., Li,S., Li,Z. and Huang,H.<br>Cryo-EM structures reveal the activation and substrate recognition mechanism of human enteropeptidase<br>Nat Commun (2022) 13, 6955-6955. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  12. 2020
  13. Wang,L., Zhang,D., Fan,C., Zhou,X., Liu,Z., Zheng,B., Zhu,L. and Jin,Y.<br>Novel Compound Heterozygous TMPRSS15 Gene Variants Cause Enterokinase Deficiency<br>Front Genet (2020) 11, 538778-538778. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  14. Willard,F.S., Meredith,T.D., Showalter,A.D., Ma,W., Ho,J.D., Sauder,J.M. and Sloop,K.W.<br>Synthetic protease-activated class B GPCRs<br>Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2020) 530, 246-251. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  15. 2018
  16. Hayashi,H., Kubo,Y., Izumida,M., Takahashi,E., Kido,H., Sato,K., Yamaya,M., Nishimura,H., Nakayama,K. and Matsuyama,T.<br>Enterokinase enhances influenza A virus infection by activating trypsinogen in human cell lines<br>Front Cell Infect Microbiol (2018) 8, 91-91. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  17. Wang,H., Li,S., Wang,J., Chen,S., Sun,X.L. and Wu,Q.<br>N-glycosylation in the protease domain of trypsin-like serine proteases mediates calnexin-assisted protein folding<br>elife (2018) 7 PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  18. Wang,Z., Guo,C., Liu,L. and Huang,H.<br>Effects of N-glycosylation on the biochemical properties of recombinant bEKL expressed in Pichia pastoris<br>Enzyme Microb Technol (2018) 114, 40-47. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  19. 2016
  20. Luengo-Gil,G., Calvo,M.I., Martin-Villar,E., Aguila,S., Bohdan,N., Anton,A.I., Espin,S., Ayala de la Pena,F., Vicente,V., Corral,J., Quintanilla,M. and Martinez-Martinez,I.<br>Antithrombin controls tumor migration, invasion and angiogenesis by inhibition of enteropeptidase<br>Sci Rep (2016) 6, 27544-27544. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  21. 2014
  22. Xu,J., Hu,S., Wang,X., Zhao,Z., Zhang,X., Wang,H., Zhang,D. and Guo,Y.<br>Structure basis for the unique specificity of medaka enteropeptidase light chain<br>Protein Cell (2014) 5, 178-181. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  23. 2013
  24. Chen,Z., Han,S., Cao,Z., Wu,Y., Zhuo,R. and Li,W.<br>Fusion expression and purification of four disulfide-rich peptides reveals enterokinase secondary cleavage sites in animal toxins<br>Peptides (2013) 39, 145-151. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  P
  25. Skala,W., Goettig,P. and Brandstetter,H.<br>Do-it-yourself histidine-tagged bovine enterokinase: A handy member of the protein engineer's toolbox<br>J Biotechnol (2013) 168, 421-425. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  26. Smith,E.T. and Johnson,D.A.<br>Human enteropeptidase light chain: Bioengineering of recombinants and kinetic investigations of structure and function<br>Protein Sci (2013) 22, 577-585. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  27. 2012
  28. Pepeliaev,S., Krahulec,J., Tlusta,M., Cerny,Z. and Jilkova,J.<br>Expression and purification of the light chain of human enteropeptidase in E. coli<br>Minerva Biotecnol (2012) 24, 42-52.  E
  29. Prohaska,T.A., Wahlmuller,F.C., Furtmuller,M. and Geiger,M.<br>Interaction of protein C inhibitor with the type II transmembrane serine protease enteropeptidase<br>PLoS ONE (2012) 7, e39262-e39262. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  30. Sadler,J.E.<br>Enteropeptidase<br>[ISSN:978-0-12-407742-3] (2012) 3, 2648-2653. DOI
  31. Simeonov,P., Zahn,M., Strater,N. and Zuchner,T.<br>Crystal structure of a supercharged variant of the human enteropeptidase light chain<br>Proteins (2012) 80, 1907-1910. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  S
  32. 2011
  33. Antalis,T.M., Bugge,T.H. and Wu,Q.<br>Membrane-anchored serine proteases in health and disease<br>Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci (2011) 99, 1-50. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  V
  34. Choi,M.G., Lee,E., Chung,H.S., Jang,S.H. and Lee,C.<br>A fluorogenic method for measuring enteropeptidase activity: spectral shift in the emission of GD4K-conjugated 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin<br>BMB Rep (2011) 44, 458-461. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  A
  35. Chun,H., Joo,K., Lee,J. and Shin,H.C.<br>Design and efficient production of bovine enterokinase light chain with higher specificity in E. coli<br>Biotechnol Lett (2011) 33, 1227-1232. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  36. Gasparian,M.E., Bychkov,M.L., Dolgikh,D.A. and Kirpichnikov,M.P.<br>Strategy for improvement of enteropeptidase efficiency in tag removal processes<br>Protein Expr Purif (2011) 79, 191-196. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  37. Pepeliaev,S., Krahulec,J., Cerny,Z., Jilkova,J., Tlusta,M. and Dostalova,J.<br>High level expression of human enteropeptidase light chain in Pichia pastoris<br>J Biotechnol (2011) 156, 67-75. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  38. Schopfel,M., Tziridis,A., Arnold,U. and Stubbs,M.T.<br>Towards a restriction proteinase: construction of a self-activating enzyme<br>Chembiochem (2011) 12, 1523-1527. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  39. Simeonov,P., Berger-Hoffmann,R., Hoffmann,R., Strater,N. and Zuchner,T.<br>Surface supercharged human enteropeptidase light chain shows improved solubility and refolding yield<br>Protein Eng Des Sel (2011) 24, 261-268. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  40. Zauner,T., Berger-Hoffmann,R., Muller,K., Hoffmann,R. and Zuchner,T.<br>Highly adaptable and sensitive protease assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer<br>Anal Chem (2011) 83, 7356-7363. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  A
  41. 2009
  42. Zheng,X.L., Kitamoto,Y. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Enteropeptidase, a type II transmembrane serine protease<br>Front Biosci (Elite Ed) (2009) 1, 242-249. PubMed  Europe PubMed  V
  43. 2008
  44. Cui,T., Gao,Y., Ang,C.X., Puah,C.M., Gutte,B. and Lam,Y.<br>Hydrogen peroxide enhances enterokinase-catalysed proteolytic cleavage of fusion protein<br>Recent Pat Biotechnol (2008) 2, 189-190. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  45. Mikhailova,A.G., Likhareva,V.V. and Rumsh,L.D.<br>A rate-limiting step of enteropeptidase hydrolysis<br>Russ J Bioorganic Chem (2008) 34, 186-191. DOI
  46. 2007
  47. Ogiwara,K. and Takahashi,T.<br>Specificity of the medaka enteropeptidase serine protease and its usefulness as a biotechnological tool for fusion-protein cleavage<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007) 104, 7021-7026. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  48. 2006
  49. [YEAR:3-5-2006]Boulware,K.T. and Daugherty,P.S.<br>Protease specificity determination by using cellular libraries of peptide substrates (CLiPS)<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (3-5-2006) 103, 7583-7588. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC  P
  50. 2004
  51. Mikhailova,A.G., Likhareva,V.V., Vaskovsky,B.V., Garanin,S.K., Onoprienko,L.V., Prudchenko,I.A., Chikin,L.D. and Rumsh,L.D.<br>Study of secondary specificity of enteropeptidase in comparison with trypsin<br>Biochemistry (Mosc) (2004) 69, 909-917. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  P
  52. Sadler,J.E.<br>Enteropeptidase<br>[ISSN:0-12-079610-4] (2004) 2, 1513-1517.  V
  53. 2003
  54. Gasparian,M.E., Ostapchenko,V.G., Schulga,A.A., Dolgikh,D.A. and Kirpichnikov,M.P.<br>Expression, purification, and characterization of human enteropeptidase catalytic subunit in Escherichia coli<br>Protein Expr Purif (2003) 31, 133-139. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  E
  55. Imamura,T. and Kitamoto,Y.<br>Expression of enteropeptidase in differentiated enterocytes, goblet cells, and the tumor cells in human duodenum<br>Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2003) 285, G1235-G1241. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  56. Szabo,R., Wu,Q., Dickson,R.B., Netzel-Arnett,S., Antalis,T.M. and Bugge,T.H.<br>Type II transmembrane serine proteases<br>Thromb Haemost (2003) 90, 185-193. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  V
  57. 2002
  58. Holzinger,A., Maier,E.M., Buck,C., Mayerhofer,P.U., Kappler,M., Haworth,J.C., Moroz,S.P., Hadorn,H.B., Sadler,J.E. and Roscher,A.A.<br>Mutations in the proenteropeptidase gene are the molecular cause of congenital enteropeptidase deficiency<br>Am J Hum Genet (2002) 70, 20-25. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC  K
  59. [YEAR:1-4-2002]Song,H.W., Choi,S.I. and Seong,B.L.<br>Engineered recombinant enteropeptidase catalytic subunit: Effect of N-terminal modification<br>Arch Biochem Biophys (1-4-2002) 400, 1-6. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  60. [YEAR:1-3-2002]Zheng,X. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Mucin-like domain of enteropeptidase directs apical targeting in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells<br>J Biol Chem (1-3-2002) 277, 6858-6863. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  61. 2001
  62. Moroz,S.P., Hadorn,B., Rossi,T.M. and Haworth,J.C.<br>Celiac disease in a patient with a congenital deficiency of intestinal enteropeptidase<br>Am J Gastroenterol (2001) 96, 2251-2254. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  63. Safi,W., Maiorano,J.N. and Davidson,W.S.<br>A proteolytic method for distinguishing between lipid-free and lipid-bound apolipoprotein A-I<br>J Lipid Res (2001) 42, 864-872. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  64. 2000
  65. Mikhailova,A.G. and Rumsh,L.D.<br>Enteropeptidase - structure, function, and application in biotechnology<br>Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2000) 88, 159-174.
  66. [YEAR:28-1-2000]Zamolodchikova,T.S., Sokolova,E.A., Lu,D. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Activation of recombinant proenteropeptidase by duodenase<br>FEBS Lett (28-1-2000) 466, 295-299. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  67. 1999
  68. [YEAR:10-4-1999]Hosfield,T. and Lu,Q.<br>Influence of the amino acid residue downstream of (Asp)4Lys on enterokinase cleavage of a fusion protein<br>Anal Biochem (10-4-1999) 269, 10-16. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  69. [YEAR:17-9-1999]Lu,D., Futterer,K., Korolev,S., Zheng,X., Tan,K., Waksman,G. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Crystal structure of enteropeptidase light chain complexed with an analog of the trypsinogen activation peptide<br>J Mol Biol (17-9-1999) 292, 361-373. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  S
  70. Matsushima,M., Ichinose,M., Yahagi,N., Tsukada-Kato,S., Miki,K., Omata,M., Kim,Y.T., Ito,H., Takahashi,T., Sakurai,Y., Tsuchiya,Y., Athauda,S.B., Inoue,H. and Takahashi,K.<br>Purification and further characterization of enteropeptidase from porcine duodenum<br>J Biochem (1999) 125, 947-951. PubMed  Europe PubMed  I
  71. [YEAR:15-1-1999]Mikhailova,A.G. and Rumsh,L.D.<br>Autolysis of bovine enteropeptidase heavy chain: evidence of fragment 118-465 involvement in trypsinogen activation<br>FEBS Lett (15-1-1999) 442, 226-230. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  72. [YEAR:15-1-1999]Zheng,X., Lu,D. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Apical sorting of bovine enteropeptidase does not involve detergent-resistant association with sphingolipid-cholesterol rafts<br>J Biol Chem (15-1-1999) 274, 1596-1605. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  73. 1998
  74. Yuan,X., Zheng,X., Lu,D., Rubin,D.C., Pung,C.Y. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Structure of murine enterokinase (enteropeptidase) and expression in small intestine during development<br>Am J Physiol (1998) 274, G342-G349. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  75. 1997
  76. [YEAR:12-12-1997]Lu,D., Yuan,X., Zheng,X. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Bovine proenteropeptidase is activated by trypsin, and the specificity of enteropeptidase depends on the heavy chain<br>J Biol Chem (12-12-1997) 272, 31293-31300. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  77. Zamolodchikova,T.S., Sokolova,E.A., Alexandrov,S.L., Mikhaleva,I.I., Prudchenko,I.A., Morozov,I.A., Kononenko,N.V., Mirgorodskaya,O.A., Da,U., Larionova,N.I., Pozdnev,V.F., Ghosh,D., Duax,W.L. and Vorotyntseva,T.I.<br>Subcellular localization, substrate specificity and crystallization of duodenase, a potential activator of enteropeptidase<br>Eur J Biochem (1997) 249, 612-621. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  78. 1996
  79. Yahagi,N., Ichinose,M., Matsushima,M., Matsubara,Y., Miki,K., Kurokawa,K., Fukamachi,H., Tashiro,K., Shiokawa,K., Kageyama,T., Takahashi,T., Inoue,H. and Takahashi,K.<br>Complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of rat enteropeptidase and tissue distribution of its mRNA<br>Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1996) 219, 806-812. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  80. 1995
  81. Kitamoto,Y., Veile,R.A., Donis-Keller,H. and Sadler,J.E.<br>cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of human enterokinase, the proteolytic activator of trypsinogen<br>Biochemistry (1995) 34, 4562-4568. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  82. 1994
  83. Kitamoto,Y., Yuan,X., Wu,Q., McCourt,D.W. and Sadler,J.E.<br>Enterokinase, the initiator of intestinal digestion, is a mosaic protease composed of a distinctive assortment of domains<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1994) 91, 7588-7592. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI  PMC  EPMC
  84. Mann,N.S. and Mann,S.K.<br>Enterokinase<br>Proc Soc Exp Biol Med (1994) 206, 114-118. PubMed  Europe PubMed  K
  85. Matsushima,M., Ichinose,M., Yahagi,N., Kakei,N., Tsukada,S., Miki,K., Kurokawa,K., Tashiro,K., Shiokawa,K. and Shinomiya,K.<br>Structural characterization of porcine enteropeptidase<br>J Biol Chem (1994) 269, 19976-19982. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  86. 1993
  87. LaVallie,E.R., Rehemtulla,A., Racie,L.A., DiBlasio,E.A., Ferenz,C., Grant,K.L., Light,A. and McCoy,J.M.<br>Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding the catalytic subunit of bovine enterokinase<br>J Biol Chem (1993) 268, 23311-23317. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  88. 1991
  89. Light,A. and Janska,H.<br>The amino-terminal sequence of the catalytic subunit of bovine enterokinase<br>J Protein Chem (1991) 10, 475-480. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  90. 1989
  91. Light,A. and Janska,H.<br>Enterokinase (enteropeptidase): comparative aspects<br>Trends Biochem Sci (1989) 14, 110-112. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  92. 1987
  93. Jeno,P., Green,J.R. and Lentze,M.J.<br>Specificity studies on enteropeptidase substrates related to the N-terminus of trypsinogen<br>Biochem J (1987) 241, 721-727. PubMed  Europe PubMed  PMC  EPMC
  94. 1983
  95. Ghishan,F.K., Lee,P.C., Lebenthal,E., Johnson,P., Bradley,C.A. and Greene,H.L.<br>Isolated congenital enterokinase deficiency. Recent findings and review of the literature<br>Gastroenterology (1983) 85, 727-731. PubMed  Europe PubMed  K
  96. 1981
  97. Magee,A.I., Grant,D.A. and Taylor,J.H.<br>Further studies on the subunit structure and oligosaccharide moiety of human enterokinase<br>Clin Chim Acta (1981) 115, 241-254. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  98. 1978
  99. Grant,D.A., Magee,A.I. and Hermon-Taylor,J.<br>Optimisation of conditions for the affinity chromatography of human enterokinase on immobilised p-aminobenzamidine. Improvement of the preparative procedure by inclusion of negative affinity chromatography with glycylglycyl-aniline<br>Eur J Biochem (1978) 88, 183-189. PubMed  Europe PubMed  I
  100. 1976
  101. Grant,D.A. and Hermon-Taylor,J.<br>The purification of human enterokinase by affinity chromatography and immunoadsorption. Some observations on its molecular characteristics and comparisons with the pig enzyme<br>Biochem J (1976) 155, 243-254. PubMed  Europe PubMed  PMC  EPMC
  102. 1975
  103. Hadorn,B., Haworth,J.C., Gourley,B., Prasad,A. and Troesch,V.<br>Intestinal enterokinase deficiency. Occurrence in two sibs and age dependency of clinical expression<br>Arch Dis Child (1975) 50, 277-282. PubMed  Europe PubMed  PMC  EPMC  K
  104. 1974
  105. Rinderknecht,H., Engeling,E.R., Bunnell,M.J. and Geokas,M.C.<br>A sensitive assay for human enterokinase and some properties of the enzyme<br>Clin Chim Acta (1974) 54, 145-160. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  106. 1973
  107. Baratti,J., Maroux,S. and Louvard,D.<br>Effect of ionic strength and calcium ions on the activation of trypsinogen by enterokinase. A modified test for the quantitative evaluation of this enzyme<br>Biochim Biophys Acta (1973) 321, 632-638. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  108. 1971
  109. Maroux,S., Baratti,J. and Desnuelle,P.<br>Purification and specificity of porcine enterokinase<br>J Biol Chem (1971) 246, 5031-5039. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  110. 1970
  111. Nordstrom,C. and Dahlqvist,A.<br>The cellular localization of enterokinase<br>Biochim Biophys Acta (1970) 198, 621-622. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  112. 1969
  113. [YEAR:19-4-1969]Hadorn,B., Tarlow,M.J., Lloyd,J.K. and Wolff,O.H.<br>Intestinal enterokinase deficiency<br>Lancet (19-4-1969) 1, 812-813. PubMed  Europe PubMed  K
  114. 1956
  115. Yamashina,I.<br>The action of enterokinase on trypsinogen<br>Biochim Biophys Acta (1956) 20, 433-434. PubMed  Europe PubMed
  116. 1955
  117. Laskowski,M.<br>[3] Trypsinogen and trypsin<br>Methods Enzymol (1955) 2, 26-36. DOI  V
  118. 1954
  119. Yamashina,I.<br>Studies on enterokinase. I. The purification and general properties<br>Ark Kemi (1954) 7, 539-543.
  120. Yamashina,I.<br>Studies on enterokinase. II. The further purification<br>Ark Kemi (1954) 9, 225-229.
  121. 1939
  122. [YEAR:20-3-1939]Kunitz,M.<br>Purification and concentration of enterokinase<br>J Gen Physiol (20-3-1939) 22, 447-450. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  123. [YEAR:20-3-1939]Kunitz,M.<br>Formation of trypsin from crystalline trypsinogen by means of enterokinase<br>J Gen Physiol (20-3-1939) 22, 429-446. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  124. 1924
  125. Waldschmidt-Leitz,E.<br>Uber Enterokinase<br>Naturwissenschaften (1924) 12, 133-137. DOI
  126. 1913
  127. Mellanby,J. and Woolley,V.J.<br>The ferments of the pancreas: Part III. The properties of trypsin, trypsinogen and enterokinase<br>J Physiol (1913) 47, 339-360. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  128. 1912
  129. Mellanby,J. and Woolley,V.J.<br>The ferments of the pancreas: part I. The generation of trypsin from trypsinogen by enterokinase<br>J Physiol (1912) 45, 370-388. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI
  130. 1906
  131. Hamill,J.M.<br>On the mechanism of protection of intestinal worms, and its bearing on the relation of enterokinase to trypsin<br>J Physiol (1906) 33, 479-492. PubMed  Europe PubMed DOI