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"study-abstract": "This study aims to investigate the effect of monensin (Rumensin, Elanco-Eli Lilly Co.) on the microbial community structure of the cow hindgut. Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic administered to cattle and dairy cows to increase their feed efficiency by altering rumen fermentation. Monensin acts by changing the activity of specific metabolic pathways, leading to an increase in propionate concentrations and a decrease in acetate and butyrate concentrations in the cow rumen. Previous studies conducted on the effect of monensin on rumen microbial community structure have led to differing conclusions. In addition, few studies have been conducted to assess the effect of monensin on the microbial community structure elsewhere in the cow digestive tract, such as in the cow hindgut. For the current study, manure was collected, over a period of three months, from eight dairy cows housed at the Teaching and Research Center at Cornell University. Four of the cows were fed a control diet containing no monensin. The other four cows were fed a diet with measured incrementally increasing amounts of monensin. To investigate the effect of monensin on the microbial community composition of the cow hindgut, a total of 184 rectal grab samples were collected from the eight cows over the three month period. Once collected, the samples were processed and stored in a -80degreeC freezer for later microbial community composition analysis. The samples were then extracted using the MO BIO Powersoil-htp 96 Well Soil DNA Isolation Kit and frozen at -80degreeC until they could be sent for further processing and sequencing.",
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"study-abstract": "It is unclear how to ensure that the gut microbiota of individuals with disparate dietary practices (DPs) respond consistently to prescribed dietary interventions. To address this, we identified DP-associated gut bacterial taxa in individuals either practicing chronic calorie restriction with adequate nutrition (CRON) or without dietary restrictions (AMER). Transplanted into gnotobiotic mice, AMER and CRON microbiota responded predictably to CRON and AMER diets but with variable response strength. Individual microbiota exist within a population of host communities (metacommunity) connected by microbial exchange. Sequentially cohousing AMER-colonized mice with two different groups of CRON-colonized mice emulated metacommunity effects, resulting in enhanced responses to a CRON diet intervention and changes in several metabolic features in AMER animals. This response was driven by an influx of CRON DP-associated taxa. Certain DPs may impair responses to dietary interventions, necessitating introduction of absent diet-responsive bacterial lineages present in other individuals and identified using the strategies described.",
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"study-abstract": "Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria and associated morbidity and mortality is increasing. Use of antimicrobials for livestock selects for AMR that can subsequently be transferred to the human reservoir. This flow of AMR between reservoirs demands surveillance in livestock as well as in humans. As part of the EFFORT project (http://www.effort-against-amr.eu/), we have quantified and characterized the acquired resistance gene pools (resistomes) of 181 pig and 178 poultry farms from nine European countries, generating more than 5,000 Gigabases of DNA sequence, using shotgun metagenomics. The pig and poultry resistomes were very different in abundance and composition. There was a significant country effect on the resistomes, more so in pigs than poultry. We found higher AMR loads in pigs, while poultry resistomes were more diverse. We detected several newly described, critical AMR genes, including mcr-1 and optrA, which differed both between host species and countries. We found that the total AMR level, was associated with the overall country-specific antimicrobial usage in livestock and that countries with comparable usage patterns have similar resistomes.",
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"study-abstract": "We quantified the microbial community structure and function of gut microbiomes of migratory light-bellied Brent geese in Iceland in May. We classified birds based on whether they were feeding on terrestrial grass, marine mudflats, or both.",
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