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"text": "<p>This family includes the adaptor protein GRB2 and related proteins including Drosophila melanogaster Downstream of receptor kinase (DRK), Caenorhabditis elegans Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 (Sem-5), GRB2-related adaptor protein (GRAP), GRAP2, and similar proteins. Family members contain an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. GRB2/Sem-5/DRK is a critical signaling molecule that regulates the Ras pathway by linking tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos (son of sevenless), which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. GRAP2 plays an important role in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by promoting the formation of the SLP-76:LAT complex, which couples the TCR to the Ras pathway. GRAP acts as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced lymphocyte proliferation by downregulating the signaling to the Ras/ERK pathway. The N-terminal SH3 domain of GRB2 binds to Sos and Sos-derived proline-rich peptides. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies. [[cite:PUB00085786], [cite:PUB00127122], [cite:PUB00085787], [cite:PUB00085391], [cite:PUB00127123], [cite:PUB00127124], [cite:PUB00127125], [cite:PUB00127126], [cite:PUB00113508], [cite:PUB00085788], [cite:PUB00113509], [cite:PUB00113510], [cite:PUB00085793], [cite:PUB00085794], [cite:PUB00127127], [cite:PUB00029405], [cite:PUB00085795], [cite:PUB00109586], [cite:PUB00085790], [cite:PUB00127128], [cite:PUB00123592], [cite:PUB00127129], [cite:PUB00127130], [cite:PUB00127131], [cite:PUB00127132], [cite:PUB00127133], [cite:PUB00127134], [cite:PUB00023076], [cite:PUB00085556], [cite:PUB00085557], [cite:PUB00085559], [cite:PUB00007124], [cite:PUB00085558], [cite:PUB00007145], [cite:PUB00085923]]</p>",
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