{"id":178,"date":"2020-12-16T14:57:58","date_gmt":"2020-12-16T14:57:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/ethical-principles\/"},"modified":"2020-12-16T14:58:24","modified_gmt":"2020-12-16T14:58:24","slug":"ethical-principles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/data-collection\/ethical-principles\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethical principles"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are a great number of ethical\/philosphical theories that can be applied when reviewing and discussing the ethics of biomedical research, but they can be grouped into three main types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Consequentialist theories<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; the focus is on the consequence or outcome of an action. For example, if an action produces a good outcome, it is morally right.<\/li><li><strong>Deontological theories<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; these identify moral duties that should be followed; the focus here is on the action that is taken, rather than the outcome.<\/li><li><strong>Virtue theory<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; it is the moral character of the individual who is performing the action that is the focus; if an individual is acting virtuously then the actions of that individual (and hence the outcomes) will be morally right.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An approach that is widely applied in the field of biomedical ethics, however, is that of&nbsp;<strong>principlism<\/strong>, as described by Beauchamp and Childress in 1977. Principlism takes elements from a number of the theories described above, but provides four main principles that should be considered when undertaking ethical review:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Respect for autonomy:<\/strong>&nbsp;respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Beneficence:&nbsp;<\/strong>actions must provide a form of benefit, whether a directly beneficial outcome, or producing the best overall result by balancing risks, benefits and costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Justice:&nbsp;<\/strong>there should be fair balance and distribution of risks and rewards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Non-malificence:<\/strong>&nbsp;an obligation to not cause harm; whether physical (including the potential for death) or mental in nature.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are a great number of ethical\/philosphical theories that can be applied when reviewing and discussing the ethics of biomedical research, but they can be grouped into three main types: Consequentialist theories&nbsp;&#8211; the focus is on the consequence or outcome of an action. For example, if an action produces a good outcome, it is morally&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":0,"parent":100,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-178","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=178"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":184,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178\/revisions\/184"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/training\/online\/courses\/biomedical-data\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}