UniProt functional annotation for P14902



	UniProt functional annotation for P14902

UniProt code: P14902.

Organism: Homo sapiens (Human).

Taxonomy: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.

Function: Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step of the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway (PubMed:17671174). Involved in the peripheral immune tolerance, contributing to maintain homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses (PubMed:25691885). Tryptophan shortage inhibits T lymphocytes division and accumulation of tryptophan catabolites induces T-cell apoptosis and differentiation of regulatory T-cells (PubMed:25691885). Acts as a suppressor of anti-tumor immunity (PubMed:23103127, PubMed:25157255, PubMed:14502282, PubMed:25691885). Limits the growth of intracellular pathogens by depriving tryptophan (PubMed:25691885). Protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection (PubMed:25691885). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:14502282, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17671174, ECO:0000303|PubMed:23103127, ECO:0000303|PubMed:25157255, ECO:0000303|PubMed:25691885}.

Catalytic activity: Reaction=D-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-D-kynurenine; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:14189, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:57719, ChEBI:CHEBI:60051; EC=1.13.11.52; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17671174};

Catalytic activity: Reaction=L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:24536, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:57912, ChEBI:CHEBI:58629; EC=1.13.11.52; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17671174};

Cofactor: Name=heme; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:30413; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:16477023, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25313323}; Note=Binds 1 heme group per subunit (PubMed:16477023, PubMed:25313323). In the active form, the heme iron is in its ferrous state Fe(+2). The catalytic cycle does not alter the oxidation state of the heme, but IDO1 is prone to autoxidation (PubMed:16574111). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16477023, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16574111, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25313323};

Activity regulation: Activity is inhibited by and MTH-trp (methylthiohydantoin-DL-tryptophan), modestly inhibited by L-1MT (1- methyl-L-tryptophan) but not D-1MT (1-methyl-D-tryptophan). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17671174}.

Biophysicochemical properties: Kinetic parameters: KM=21.23 uM for L-tryptophan {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18026683}; KM=4.6 mM for D-tryptophan {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18026683}; Note=Catalytic efficiency for L-tryptophan is 150 times higher than for D-tryptophan.;

Pathway: Amino-acid degradation; L-tryptophan degradation via kynurenine pathway; L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan: step 1/2.

Subunit: Monomer. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25691885}.

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm, cytosol {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P28776, ECO:0000303|PubMed:25691885}.

Tissue specificity: Expressed in mature dendritic cells located in lymphoid organs (including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyers's patches, the gut lamina propria, and the thymic medulla), in some epithelial cells of the female genital tract, as well as in endothelial cells of term placenta and in lung parenchyma (PubMed:25691885). Weakly or not expressed in most normal tissues, but mostly inducible in most tissues (PubMed:25691885). Expressed in more than 50% of tumors, either by tumoral, stromal, or endothelial cells (expression in tumor is associated with a worse clinical outcome) (PubMed:18418598). Not overexpressed in tumor-draining lymph nodes (PubMed:26155395, PubMed:25691885). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18418598, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25691885, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26155395}.

Induction: By IFNG/IFN-gamma in most cells (PubMed:2109605, PubMed:1907934). Exogenous inflammatory stimuli induce the expression of IDO1 in antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells (PubMed:25157255). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:2109605, ECO:0000303|PubMed:1907934, ECO:0000303|PubMed:25157255}.

Miscellaneous: IDO1 is the target for therapy in a range of clinical settings, including cancer, chronic infections, autoimmune and allergic syndromes, and transplantation. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25970480}.

Miscellaneous: IDO1 and IDO2 are 2 distinct enzymes which catalyze the same reaction. IDO2 affinity for tryptophan is much lower than that of IDO1. 50% of Caucasians harbor polymorphisms which abolish IDO2 enzymatic activity. IDO2 is expressed in human tumors in an inactive form: tryptophan degradation is entirely provided by IDO1 in these cells (PubMed:18418598). IDO2 may play a role as a negative regulator of IDO1 by competing for heme-binding with IDO1 (PubMed:25394548). Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable in many lower vertebrate lineages (PubMed:25950090). IDO1 may have arisen by gene duplication of a more ancient proto-IDO gene before the divergence of marsupial and eutherian (placental) mammals. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18418598, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25394548, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25950090}.

Miscellaneous: Elevated IDO1 expression is a hallmark of major viral infections including HIV, HBV, HCV or influenza and also of major bacteria infections, such as Tb, CAP, listeriosis and sepsis. Depletion of tryptophan and production of tryptophan metabolites with bactericidal activity are important as direct anti-pathogen mechanisms. Pathogens are able to highjack the immunosuppressive effects of IDO1 and make use of them to facilitate their own life cycle. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25157255}.

Similarity: Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family. {ECO:0000305}.

Sequence caution: Sequence=AC007991; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};

Annotations taken from UniProtKB at the EBI.


Organism:		Homo sapiens (Human).
Taxonomy:		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.



Function:		Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step of the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway (PubMed:17671174). Involved in the peripheral immune tolerance, contributing to maintain homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses (PubMed:25691885). Tryptophan shortage inhibits T lymphocytes division and accumulation of tryptophan catabolites induces T-cell apoptosis and differentiation of regulatory T-cells (PubMed:25691885). Acts as a suppressor of anti-tumor immunity (PubMed:23103127, PubMed:25157255, PubMed:14502282, PubMed:25691885). Limits the growth of intracellular pathogens by depriving tryptophan (PubMed:25691885). Protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection (PubMed:25691885). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14502282, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17671174, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:23103127, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25157255, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25691885}.


Catalytic activity:		Reaction=D-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-D-kynurenine; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:14189, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:57719, ChEBI:CHEBI:60051; EC=1.13.11.52; Evidence={ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17671174};
Catalytic activity:		Reaction=L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:24536, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:57912, ChEBI:CHEBI:58629; EC=1.13.11.52; Evidence={ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17671174};
Cofactor:		Name=heme; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:30413; Evidence={ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16477023, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:25313323}; Note=Binds 1 heme group per subunit (PubMed:16477023, PubMed:25313323). In the active form, the heme iron is in its ferrous state Fe(+2). The catalytic cycle does not alter the oxidation state of the heme, but IDO1 is prone to autoxidation (PubMed:16574111). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16477023, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16574111, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:25313323};
Activity regulation:		Activity is inhibited by and MTH-trp (methylthiohydantoin-DL-tryptophan), modestly inhibited by L-1MT (1- methyl-L-tryptophan) but not D-1MT (1-methyl-D-tryptophan). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17671174}.
Biophysicochemical properties:		Kinetic parameters: KM=21.23 uM for L-tryptophan {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18026683}; KM=4.6 mM for D-tryptophan {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18026683}; Note=Catalytic efficiency for L-tryptophan is 150 times higher than for D-tryptophan.;
Pathway:		Amino-acid degradation; L-tryptophan degradation via kynurenine pathway; L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan: step 1/2.
Subunit:		Monomer. {ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25691885}.
Subcellular location:		Cytoplasm, cytosol {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P28776, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25691885}.
Tissue specificity:		Expressed in mature dendritic cells located in lymphoid organs (including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyers's patches, the gut lamina propria, and the thymic medulla), in some epithelial cells of the female genital tract, as well as in endothelial cells of term placenta and in lung parenchyma (PubMed:25691885). Weakly or not expressed in most normal tissues, but mostly inducible in most tissues (PubMed:25691885). Expressed in more than 50% of tumors, either by tumoral, stromal, or endothelial cells (expression in tumor is associated with a worse clinical outcome) (PubMed:18418598). Not overexpressed in tumor-draining lymph nodes (PubMed:26155395, PubMed:25691885). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18418598, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:25691885, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:26155395}.
Induction:		By IFNG/IFN-gamma in most cells (PubMed:2109605, PubMed:1907934). Exogenous inflammatory stimuli induce the expression of IDO1 in antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells (PubMed:25157255). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:2109605, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:1907934, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25157255}.
Miscellaneous:		IDO1 is the target for therapy in a range of clinical settings, including cancer, chronic infections, autoimmune and allergic syndromes, and transplantation. {ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25970480}.
Miscellaneous:		IDO1 and IDO2 are 2 distinct enzymes which catalyze the same reaction. IDO2 affinity for tryptophan is much lower than that of IDO1. 50% of Caucasians harbor polymorphisms which abolish IDO2 enzymatic activity. IDO2 is expressed in human tumors in an inactive form: tryptophan degradation is entirely provided by IDO1 in these cells (PubMed:18418598). IDO2 may play a role as a negative regulator of IDO1 by competing for heme-binding with IDO1 (PubMed:25394548). Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable in many lower vertebrate lineages (PubMed:25950090). IDO1 may have arisen by gene duplication of a more ancient proto-IDO gene before the divergence of marsupial and eutherian (placental) mammals. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18418598, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:25394548, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:25950090}.
Miscellaneous:		Elevated IDO1 expression is a hallmark of major viral infections including HIV, HBV, HCV or influenza and also of major bacteria infections, such as Tb, CAP, listeriosis and sepsis. Depletion of tryptophan and production of tryptophan metabolites with bactericidal activity are important as direct anti-pathogen mechanisms. Pathogens are able to highjack the immunosuppressive effects of IDO1 and make use of them to facilitate their own life cycle. {ECO:0000303\|PubMed:25157255}.
Similarity:		Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family. {ECO:0000305}.
Sequence caution:		Sequence=AC007991; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};