UniProt functional annotation for P05979



	UniProt functional annotation for P05979

UniProt code: P05979.

Organism: Ovis aries (Sheep).

Taxonomy: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Artiodactyla; Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae; Caprinae; Ovis.

Function: Dual cyclooxygenase and peroxidase in the biosynthesis pathway of prostanoids, a class of C20 oxylipins mainly derived from arachidonate, with a particular role in the inflammatory response. The cyclooxygenase activity oxygenates arachidonate (AA, C20:4(n-6)) to the hydroperoxy endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), and the peroxidase activity reduces PGG2 to the hydroxy endoperoxide PGH2, the precursor of all 2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This complex transformation is initiated by abstraction of hydrogen at carbon 13 (with S-stereochemistry), followed by insertion of molecular O2 to form the endoperoxide bridge between carbon 9 and 11 that defines prostaglandins. The insertion of a second molecule of O2 (bis-oxygenase activity) yields a hydroperoxy group in PGG2 that is then reduced to PGH2 by two electrons (PubMed:7947975). Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gastric epithelial cells, it is a key step in the generation of prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays an important role in cytoprotection. In platelets, it is involved in the generation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which promotes platelet activation and aggregation, vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (PubMed:10438452). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10438452, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7947975}.

Catalytic activity: Reaction=(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = A + H2O + prostaglandin H2; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:23728, ChEBI:CHEBI:13193, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:17499, ChEBI:CHEBI:32395, ChEBI:CHEBI:57405; EC=1.14.99.1; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:7947975}; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:23729; Evidence={ECO:0000305|PubMed:7947975};

Catalytic activity: Reaction=(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 O2 = prostaglandin G2; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42596, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:32395, ChEBI:CHEBI:82629; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:7947975}; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42597; Evidence={ECO:0000305|PubMed:7947975};

Catalytic activity: Reaction=AH2 + prostaglandin G2 = A + H2O + prostaglandin H2; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42600, ChEBI:CHEBI:13193, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:17499, ChEBI:CHEBI:57405, ChEBI:CHEBI:82629; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:7947975}; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42601; Evidence={ECO:0000305|PubMed:7947975};

Cofactor: Name=heme b; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:60344; Note=Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.;

Activity regulation: The cyclooxygenase activity is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, anirolac, fenclofenac and diclofenac. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P23219}.

Biophysicochemical properties: Kinetic parameters: KM=5.1 uM for arachidonate {ECO:0000269|PubMed:7947975};

Pathway: Lipid metabolism; prostaglandin biosynthesis. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:7947975}.

Subunit: Homodimer.

Subcellular location: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Microsome membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.

Miscellaneous: The conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 is a 2 step reaction: a cyclooxygenase (COX) reaction which converts arachidonate to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) and a peroxidase reaction in which PGG2 is reduced to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). The cyclooxygenase reaction occurs in a hydrophobic channel in the core of the enzyme. The peroxidase reaction occurs at a heme-containing active site located near the protein surface. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) binding site corresponds to the cyclooxygenase active site.

Miscellaneous: Conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 is mediated by 2 different isozymes: the constitutive PTGS1 and the inducible PTGS2. PTGS1 is expressed constitutively and generally produces prostanoids acutely in response to hormonal stimuli to fine- tune physiological processes requiring instantaneous, continuous regulation (e.g. hemostasis). PTGS2 is inducible and typically produces prostanoids that mediate responses to physiological stresses such as infection and inflammation.

Miscellaneous: PTGS1 and PTGS2 are the targets of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin and ibuprofen. Aspirin is able to produce an irreversible inactivation of the enzyme through a serine acetylation. Inhibition of the PGHSs with NSAIDs acutely reduces inflammation, pain, and fever, and long-term use of these drugs reduces fatal thrombotic events, as well as the development of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. PTGS2 is the principal isozyme responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. New generation PTGSs inhibitors strive to be selective for PTGS2, to avoid side effects such as gastrointestinal complications and ulceration.

Similarity: Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family. {ECO:0000305}.

Sequence caution: Sequence=AAA31576.1; Type=Frameshift; Evidence={ECO:0000305};

Annotations taken from UniProtKB at the EBI.


Organism:		Ovis aries (Sheep).
Taxonomy:		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Artiodactyla; Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae; Caprinae; Ovis.



Function:		Dual cyclooxygenase and peroxidase in the biosynthesis pathway of prostanoids, a class of C20 oxylipins mainly derived from arachidonate, with a particular role in the inflammatory response. The cyclooxygenase activity oxygenates arachidonate (AA, C20:4(n-6)) to the hydroperoxy endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), and the peroxidase activity reduces PGG2 to the hydroxy endoperoxide PGH2, the precursor of all 2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This complex transformation is initiated by abstraction of hydrogen at carbon 13 (with S-stereochemistry), followed by insertion of molecular O2 to form the endoperoxide bridge between carbon 9 and 11 that defines prostaglandins. The insertion of a second molecule of O2 (bis-oxygenase activity) yields a hydroperoxy group in PGG2 that is then reduced to PGH2 by two electrons (PubMed:7947975). Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gastric epithelial cells, it is a key step in the generation of prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays an important role in cytoprotection. In platelets, it is involved in the generation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which promotes platelet activation and aggregation, vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (PubMed:10438452). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:10438452, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:7947975}.


Catalytic activity:		Reaction=(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = A + H2O + prostaglandin H2; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:23728, ChEBI:CHEBI:13193, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:17499, ChEBI:CHEBI:32395, ChEBI:CHEBI:57405; EC=1.14.99.1; Evidence={ECO:0000269\|PubMed:7947975}; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:23729; Evidence={ECO:0000305\|PubMed:7947975};
Catalytic activity:		Reaction=(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 O2 = prostaglandin G2; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42596, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:32395, ChEBI:CHEBI:82629; Evidence={ECO:0000269\|PubMed:7947975}; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42597; Evidence={ECO:0000305\|PubMed:7947975};
Catalytic activity:		Reaction=AH2 + prostaglandin G2 = A + H2O + prostaglandin H2; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42600, ChEBI:CHEBI:13193, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:17499, ChEBI:CHEBI:57405, ChEBI:CHEBI:82629; Evidence={ECO:0000269\|PubMed:7947975}; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:42601; Evidence={ECO:0000305\|PubMed:7947975};
Cofactor:		Name=heme b; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:60344; Note=Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.;
Activity regulation:		The cyclooxygenase activity is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, anirolac, fenclofenac and diclofenac. {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P23219}.
Biophysicochemical properties:		Kinetic parameters: KM=5.1 uM for arachidonate {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:7947975};
Pathway:		Lipid metabolism; prostaglandin biosynthesis. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:7947975}.
Subunit:		Homodimer.
Subcellular location:		Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Microsome membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
Miscellaneous:		The conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 is a 2 step reaction: a cyclooxygenase (COX) reaction which converts arachidonate to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) and a peroxidase reaction in which PGG2 is reduced to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). The cyclooxygenase reaction occurs in a hydrophobic channel in the core of the enzyme. The peroxidase reaction occurs at a heme-containing active site located near the protein surface. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) binding site corresponds to the cyclooxygenase active site.
Miscellaneous:		Conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 is mediated by 2 different isozymes: the constitutive PTGS1 and the inducible PTGS2. PTGS1 is expressed constitutively and generally produces prostanoids acutely in response to hormonal stimuli to fine- tune physiological processes requiring instantaneous, continuous regulation (e.g. hemostasis). PTGS2 is inducible and typically produces prostanoids that mediate responses to physiological stresses such as infection and inflammation.
Miscellaneous:		PTGS1 and PTGS2 are the targets of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin and ibuprofen. Aspirin is able to produce an irreversible inactivation of the enzyme through a serine acetylation. Inhibition of the PGHSs with NSAIDs acutely reduces inflammation, pain, and fever, and long-term use of these drugs reduces fatal thrombotic events, as well as the development of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. PTGS2 is the principal isozyme responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. New generation PTGSs inhibitors strive to be selective for PTGS2, to avoid side effects such as gastrointestinal complications and ulceration.
Similarity:		Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family. {ECO:0000305}.
Sequence caution:		Sequence=AAA31576.1; Type=Frameshift; Evidence={ECO:0000305};