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PDBsum entry 1kpl
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Membrane protein PDB id
1kpl

 

 

 

 

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Contents
Protein chains
430 a.a. *
Ligands
SO4 ×4
OCT ×2
MYS ×2
Metals
_CL ×4
Waters ×2
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1kpl
Name: Membrane protein
Title: Crystal structure of the clc chloride channel from s. Typhimurium
Structure: Putative clc family, chlorine transport protein. Chain: a, b, c, d. Synonym: clc chloride channel. Engineered: yes. Mutation: yes
Source: Salmonella typhimurium. Organism_taxid: 602. Expressed in: escherichia coli bl21(de3). Expression_system_taxid: 469008.
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
3.00Å     R-factor:   0.254     R-free:   0.289
Authors: R.Dutzler,E.B.Campbell,M.Cadene,B.T.Chait,R.Mackinnon
Key ref:
R.Dutzler et al. (2002). X-ray structure of a ClC chloride channel at 3.0 A reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity. Nature, 415, 287-294. PubMed id: 11796999 DOI: 10.1038/415287a
Date:
31-Dec-01     Release date:   23-Jan-02    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q8ZRP8  (CLCA_SALTY) -  H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter ClcA from Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720)
Seq:
Struc: 		473 a.a.
430 a.a.*
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain
* PDB and UniProt seqs differ at 1 residue position (black cross)

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class: E.C.?
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]

 

 
DOI no: 10.1038/415287a Nature 415:287-294 (2002)
PubMed id: 11796999  
 
 
X-ray structure of a ClC chloride channel at 3.0 A reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity.
R.Dutzler, E.B.Campbell, M.Cadene, B.T.Chait, R.MacKinnon.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
The ClC chloride channels catalyse the selective flow of Cl- ions across cell membranes, thereby regulating electrical excitation in skeletal muscle and the flow of salt and water across epithelial barriers. Genetic defects in ClC Cl- channels underlie several familial muscle and kidney diseases. Here we present the X-ray structures of two prokaryotic ClC Cl- channels from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and Escherichia coli at 3.0 and 3.5 A, respectively. Both structures reveal two identical pores, each pore being formed by a separate subunit contained within a homodimeric membrane protein. Individual subunits are composed of two roughly repeated halves that span the membrane with opposite orientations. This antiparallel architecture defines a selectivity filter in which a Cl- ion is stabilized by electrostatic interactions with alpha-helix dipoles and by chemical coordination with nitrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups. These findings provide a structural basis for further understanding the function of ClC Cl- channels, and establish the physical and chemical basis of their anion selectivity.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 2.
Figure 2: Experimental electron density. a, F[Se] - F[native] difference density (contoured at 4 ) in the EcClC P2[1]2[1]2[1] crystal form superimposed on an carbon trace of the EcClC subunit viewed from outside the cell. Side chains of methionine residues are shown in stick representation with the position of the Se atom indicated by a green sphere. The difference Fourier map was calculated to 4.0 Å and averaged over the six subunits in the asymmetric unit. b, Electron density map from the StClC P2[1] crystal form at 3.0 Å resolution, contoured at 1 . The map was calculated from native amplitudes and solvent-flattened, averaged phases. The refined structure is shown as a stick model. Figures 2 -6 were prepared with DINO (http://www.dino3d.org). 		Figure 7.
Figure 7: Two architectures for ion-channel proteins. a, The antiparallel architecture of ClC Cl- channels contains structurally similar halves with opposite orientations in the membrane (arrows). This architecture permits like ends (same dipole sense) of -helices to point at the membrane centre from opposite sides of the membrane (180° separation). b, The parallel or barrel stave architecture of K+ channels contains structurally similar or identical subunits with the same membrane orientation (arrows). Helices point at the membrane centre from the same side of the membrane. Helices are depicted as dipoles with blue (positive) and red (negative) ends.
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature (2002, 415, 287-294) copyright 2002.  
  Figures were selected by an automated process.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
22484316 A.Picollo, Y.Xu, N.Johner, S.Bernèche, and A.Accardi (2012).
Synergistic substrate binding determines the stoichiometry of transport of a prokaryotic H(+)/Cl(-) exchanger.
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21385601 A.Tsujino, M.Kaibara, H.Hayashi, H.Eguchi, S.Nakayama, K.Sato, T.Fukuda, Y.Tateishi, S.Shirabe, K.Taniyama, and A.Kawakami (2011).
A CLCN1 mutation in dominant myotonia congenita impairs the increment of chloride conductance during repetitive depolarization.
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21350745 C.H.Lee, H.Yoon, P.Kim, S.Cho, D.Kim, and W.D.Jang (2011).
An indolocarbazole-bridged macrocyclic porphyrin dimer having homotropic allosterism with inhibitory control.
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Determinants of coupled transport and uncoupled current by the electrogenic SLC26 transporters.
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20936522 F.Claverie-Martín, E.Ramos-Trujillo, and V.García-Nieto (2011).
Dent's disease: clinical features and molecular basis.
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21275645 H.Barbier-Brygoo, A.De Angeli, S.Filleur, J.M.Frachisse, F.Gambale, S.Thomine, and S.Wege (2011).
Anion channels/transporters in plants: from molecular bases to regulatory networks.
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21527911 L.Leisle, C.F.Ludwig, F.A.Wagner, T.J.Jentsch, and T.Stauber (2011).
ClC-7 is a slowly voltage-gated 2Cl(-)/1H(+)-exchanger and requires Ostm1 for transport activity.
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21455271 N.M.Burton, and L.J.Bruce (2011).
Modelling the structure of the red cell membrane.
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Head-to-Tail Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding of OH and NH Groups with Fluoride.
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21572436 R.E.Hibbs, and E.Gouaux (2011).
Principles of activation and permeation in an anion-selective Cys-loop receptor.
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PDB codes: 3rhw 3ri5 3ria 3rif
21305656 T.Grand, S.L'Hoste, D.Mordasini, N.Defontaine, M.Keck, T.Pennaforte, M.Genete, K.Laghmani, J.Teulon, and S.Lourdel (2011).
Heterogeneity in the processing of CLCN5 mutants related to Dent disease.
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21455267 T.Hirai, N.Hamasaki, T.Yamaguchi, and Y.Ikeda (2011).
Topology models of anion exchanger 1 that incorporate the anti-parallel V-shaped motifs found in the EM structure.
  Biochem Cell Biol, 89, 148-156.  
21151117 Y.Koldobskaya, E.M.Duguid, D.M.Shechner, N.B.Suslov, J.Ye, S.S.Sidhu, D.P.Bartel, S.Koide, A.A.Kossiakoff, and J.A.Piccirilli (2011).
A portable RNA sequence whose recognition by a synthetic antibody facilitates structural determination.
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19940036 A.A.Reed, N.Y.Loh, S.Terryn, J.D.Lippiat, C.Partridge, J.Galvanovskis, S.E.Williams, F.Jouret, F.T.Wu, P.J.Courtoy, M.A.Nesbit, P.Rorsman, O.Devuyst, F.M.Ashcroft, and R.V.Thakker (2010).
CLC-5 and KIF3B interact to facilitate CLC-5 plasma membrane expression, endocytosis, and microtubular transport: relevance to pathophysiology of Dent's disease.
  Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 298, F365-F380.  
  20805576 A.Gradogna, E.Babini, A.Picollo, and M.Pusch (2010).
A regulatory calcium-binding site at the subunit interface of CLC-K kidney chloride channels.
  J Gen Physiol, 136, 311-323.  
20882639 A.Hennerdal, J.Falk, E.Lindahl, and A.Elofsson (2010).
Internal duplications in α-helical membrane protein topologies are common but the nonduplicated forms are rare.
  Protein Sci, 19, 2305-2318.  
20501796 A.J.Smith, and J.D.Lippiat (2010).
Voltage-dependent charge movement associated with activation of the CLC-5 2Cl-/1H+ exchanger.
  FASEB J, 24, 3696-3705.  
20420672 A.Marsico, A.Henschel, C.Winter, A.Tuukkanen, B.Vassilev, K.Scheubert, and M.Schroeder (2010).
Structural fragment clustering reveals novel structural and functional motifs in alpha-helical transmembrane proteins.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 11, 204.  
  20513761 A.Picollo, M.Malvezzi, and A.Accardi (2010).
Proton block of the CLC-5 Cl-/H+ exchanger.
  J Gen Physiol, 135, 653-659.  
19697366 A.Shalata, H.Furman, V.Adir, N.Adir, Y.Hujeirat, S.A.Shalev, and Z.U.Borochowitz (2010).
Myotonia congenita in a large consanguineous Arab family: insight into the clinical spectrum of carriers and double heterozygotes of a novel mutation in the chloride channel CLCN1 gene.
  Muscle Nerve, 41, 464-469.  
20453931 B.Zhao, and W.A.Houry (2010).
Acid stress response in enteropathogenic gammaproteobacteria: an aptitude for survival.
  Biochem Cell Biol, 88, 301-314.  
19827947 C.Duran, C.H.Thompson, Q.Xiao, and H.C.Hartzell (2010).
Chloride channels: often enigmatic, rarely predictable.
  Annu Rev Physiol, 72, 95.  
20620041 C.J.Tsai, and C.Ziegler (2010).
Coupling electron cryomicroscopy and X-ray crystallography to understand secondary active transport.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 20, 448-455.  
20820467 C.N.Carroll, J.J.Naleway, M.M.Haley, and D.W.Johnson (2010).
Arylethynyl receptors for neutral molecules and anions: emerging applications in cellular imaging.
  Chem Soc Rev, 39, 3875-3888.  
20187760 G.C.Scheper, C.G.van Berkel, L.Leisle, K.E.de Groot, A.Errami, T.J.Jentsch, and M.S.Van der Knaap (2010).
Analysis of CLCN2 as candidate gene for megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts.
  Genet Test Mol Biomarkers, 14, 255-257.  
20649569 G.Zifarelli, A.Liantonio, A.Gradogna, A.Picollo, G.Gramegna, M.De Bellis, A.R.Murgia, E.Babini, D.C.Camerino, and M.Pusch (2010).
Identification of sites responsible for the potentiating effect of niflumic acid on ClC-Ka kidney chloride channels.
  Br J Pharmacol, 160, 1652-1661.  
19132363 G.Zifarelli, and M.Pusch (2010).
The role of protons in fast and slow gating of the Torpedo chloride channel ClC-0.
  Eur Biophys J, 39, 869-875.  
20171189 H.Wohlrab (2010).
Homodimeric intrinsic membrane proteins. Identification and modulation of interactions between mitochondrial transporter (carrier) subunits.
  Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 393, 746-750.  
20443034 I.Bertini, L.Decaria, and A.Rosato (2010).
The annotation of full zinc proteomes.
  J Biol Inorg Chem, 15, 1071-1078.  
21030639 J.A.Mindell (2010).
Structural biology. The Tao of chloride transporter structure.
  Science, 330, 601-602.  
19926787 J.J.Matsuda, M.S.Filali, M.M.Collins, K.A.Volk, and F.S.Lamb (2010).
The ClC-3 Cl-/H+ antiporter becomes uncoupled at low extracellular pH.
  J Biol Chem, 285, 2569-2579.  
21048711 J.L.Robertson, L.Kolmakova-Partensky, and C.Miller (2010).
Design, function and structure of a monomeric ClC transporter.
  Nature, 468, 844-847.
PDB code: 3nmo
20820462 J.T.Davis, O.Okunola, and R.Quesada (2010).
Recent advances in the transmembrane transport of anions.
  Chem Soc Rev, 39, 3843-3862.  
19826804 K.McLuskey, A.W.Roszak, Y.Zhu, and N.W.Isaacs (2010).
Crystal structures of all-alpha type membrane proteins.
  Eur Biophys J, 39, 723-755.  
20667175 K.R.Vinothkumar, and R.Henderson (2010).
Structures of membrane proteins.
  Q Rev Biophys, 43, 65.  
20929736 L.Feng, E.B.Campbell, Y.Hsiung, and R.MacKinnon (2010).
Structure of a eukaryotic CLC transporter defines an intermediate state in the transport cycle.
  Science, 330, 635-641.
PDB code: 3org
20141749 L.Song, and J.Santos-Sacchi (2010).
Conformational state-dependent anion binding in prestin: evidence for allosteric modulation.
  Biophys J, 98, 371-376.  
20049483 L.Wellhauser, C.D'Antonio, and C.E.Bear (2010).
ClC transporters: discoveries and challenges in defining the mechanisms underlying function and regulation of ClC-5.
  Pflugers Arch, 460, 543-557.  
20822503 M.Jossier, L.Kroniewicz, F.Dalmas, D.Le Thiec, G.Ephritikhine, S.Thomine, H.Barbier-Brygoo, A.Vavasseur, S.Filleur, and N.Leonhardt (2010).
The Arabidopsis vacuolar anion transporter, AtCLCc, is involved in the regulation of stomatal movements and contributes to salt tolerance.
  Plant J, 64, 563-576.  
20071672 M.M.Edwards, C.Marín de Evsikova, G.B.Collin, E.Gifford, J.Wu, W.L.Hicks, C.Whiting, N.H.Varvel, N.Maphis, B.T.Lamb, J.K.Naggert, P.M.Nishina, and N.S.Peachey (2010).
Photoreceptor degeneration, azoospermia, leukoencephalopathy, and abnormal RPE cell function in mice expressing an early stop mutation in CLCN2.
  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 51, 3264-3272.  
20530571 N.A.Braun, B.Morgan, T.P.Dick, and B.Schwappach (2010).
The yeast CLC protein counteracts vesicular acidification during iron starvation.
  J Cell Sci, 123, 2342-2350.  
20819956 O.Devuyst (2010).
Dent's disease: chloride-proton exchange controls proximal tubule endocytosis.
  Nephrol Dial Transplant, 25, 3832-3835.  
20946626 O.Devuyst, and R.V.Thakker (2010).
Dent's disease.
  Orphanet J Rare Dis, 5, 28.  
19926791 R.M.McGuire, H.Liu, F.A.Pereira, and R.M.Raphael (2010).
Cysteine mutagenesis reveals transmembrane residues associated with charge translocation in prestin.
  J Biol Chem, 285, 3103-3113.  
19728176 S.M.Sine, H.L.Wang, S.Hansen, and P.Taylor (2010).
On the origin of ion selectivity in the Cys-loop receptor family.
  J Mol Neurosci, 40, 70-76.  
20981091 S.Thomine, and H.Barbier-Brygoo (2010).
Structural biology: A peep through anion channels.
  Nature, 467, 1058-1059.  
20598093 S.Wege, M.Jossier, S.Filleur, S.Thomine, H.Barbier-Brygoo, F.Gambale, and A.De Angeli (2010).
The proline 160 in the selectivity filter of the Arabidopsis NO(3)(-)/H(+) exchanger AtCLCa is essential for nitrate accumulation in planta.
  Plant J, 63, 861-869.  
20431830 W.A.Harrell, M.L.Bergmeyer, P.Y.Zavalij, and J.T.Davis (2010).
Ceramide-mediated transport of chloride and bicarbonate across phospholipid membranes.
  Chem Commun (Camb), 46, 3950-3952.  
20141750 X.D.Zhang, W.P.Yu, and T.Y.Chen (2010).
Accessibility of the CLC-0 pore to charged methanethiosulfonate reagents.
  Biophys J, 98, 377-385.  
20349532 Y.Hua, and A.H.Flood (2010).
Click chemistry generates privileged CH hydrogen-bonding triazoles: the latest addition to anion supramolecular chemistry.
  Chem Soc Rev, 39, 1262-1271.  
18957376 A.De Angeli, D.Monachello, G.Ephritikhine, J.M.Frachisse, S.Thomine, F.Gambale, and H.Barbier-Brygoo (2009).
Review. CLC-mediated anion transport in plant cells.
  Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 364, 195-201.  
18776122 A.G.Janssen, U.Scholl, C.Domeyer, D.Nothmann, A.Leinenweber, and C.Fahlke (2009).
Disease-causing dysfunctions of barttin in Bartter syndrome type IV.
  J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 145-153.  
19898476 A.Picollo, M.Malvezzi, J.C.Houtman, and A.Accardi (2009).
Basis of substrate binding and conservation of selectivity in the CLC family of channels and transporters.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 16, 1294-1301.  
19153558 A.S.Verkman, and L.J.Galietta (2009).
Chloride channels as drug targets.
  Nat Rev Drug Discov, 8, 153-171.  
19574231 C.H.Thompson, P.R.Olivetti, M.D.Fuller, C.S.Freeman, D.McMaster, R.J.French, J.Pohl, J.Kubanek, and N.A.McCarty (2009).
Isolation and characterization of a high affinity peptide inhibitor of ClC-2 chloride channels.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 26051-26062.  
18977737 C.Miller, and W.Nguitragool (2009).
A provisional transport mechanism for a chloride channel-type Cl-/H+ exchanger.
  Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 364, 175-180.  
19191339 C.Saint-Martin, G.Gauvain, G.Teodorescu, I.Gourfinkel-An, E.Fedirko, Y.G.Weber, S.Maljevic, J.P.Ernst, J.Garcia-Olivares, C.Fahlke, R.Nabbout, E.LeGuern, H.Lerche, J.Christophe Poncer, and C.Depienne (2009).
Two novel CLCN2 mutations accelerating chloride channel deactivation are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
  Hum Mutat, 30, 397-405.  
19281171 C.Wong, D.G.Fujimori, C.T.Walsh, and C.L.Drennan (2009).
Structural analysis of an open active site conformation of nonheme iron halogenase CytC3.
  J Am Chem Soc, 131, 4872-4879.
PDB codes: 3gja 3gjb
19339978 D.C.Gadsby (2009).
Ion channels versus ion pumps: the principal difference, in principle.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 10, 344-352.  
19134477 D.Hilger, Y.Polyhach, H.Jung, and G.Jeschke (2009).
Backbone Structure of Transmembrane Domain IX of the Na(+)/Proline Transporter PutP of Escherichia coli.
  Biophys J, 96, 217-225.  
19486671 D.L.Bostick, and C.L.Brooks (2009).
Statistical determinants of selective ionic complexation: ions in solvent, transport proteins, and other "hosts".
  Biophys J, 96, 4470-4492.  
19830287 D.Meshcheryakov, M.Bolte, and V.Böhmer (2009).
Macrocyclic oligoureas with xanthene and diphenyl ether units.
  Org Biomol Chem, 7, 4386-4390.  
19296486 D.Meshcheryakov, V.Böhmer, M.Bolte, V.Hubscher-Bruder, and F.Arnaud-Neu (2009).
Macrocyclic hexaureas: synthesis, conformation, and anion binding.
  Chemistry, 15, 4811-4821.  
19402883 D.Monachello, M.Allot, S.Oliva, A.Krapp, F.Daniel-Vedele, H.Barbier-Brygoo, and G.Ephritikhine (2009).
Two anion transporters AtClCa and AtClCe fulfil interconnecting but not redundant roles in nitrate assimilation pathways.
  New Phytol, 183, 88-94.  
19580750 D.Wang, and G.A.Voth (2009).
Proton transport pathway in the ClC Cl-/H+ antiporter.
  Biophys J, 97, 121-131.  
19865084 E.J.Levin, M.Quick, and M.Zhou (2009).
Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of the kidney urea transporter.
  Nature, 462, 757-761.
PDB codes: 3k3f 3k3g
19261613 E.Y.Bergsdorf, A.A.Zdebik, and T.J.Jentsch (2009).
Residues Important for Nitrate/Proton Coupling in Plant and Mammalian CLC Transporters.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 11184-11193.  
18839205 F.Jouret, and O.Devuyst (2009).
CFTR and defective endocytosis: new insights in the renal phenotype of cystic fibrosis.
  Pflugers Arch, 457, 1227-1236.  
19713962 G.Zifarelli, and M.Pusch (2009).
Intracellular regulation of human ClC-5 by adenine nucleotides.
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19131966 G.Zifarelli, and M.Pusch (2009).
Conversion of the 2 Cl(-)/1 H+ antiporter ClC-5 in a NO3(-)/H+ antiporter by a single point mutation.
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  19301146 H.A.Praetorius, and J.Leipziger (2009).
ATP release from non-excitable cells.
  Purinergic Signal, 5, 433-446.  
19543743 H.Kajiya, F.Okamoto, K.Ohgi, A.Nakao, H.Fukushima, and K.Okabe (2009).
Characteristics of ClC7 Cl- channels and their inhibition in mutant (G215R) associated with autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II in native osteoclasts and hClcn7 gene-expressing cells.
  Pflugers Arch, 458, 1049-1059.  
19458710 H.Krishnamurthy, C.L.Piscitelli, and E.Gouaux (2009).
Unlocking the molecular secrets of sodium-coupled transporters.
  Nature, 459, 347-355.  
19949657 I.S.Moon, H.S.Kim, J.H.Shin, Y.E.Park, K.H.Park, Y.B.Shin, J.S.Bae, Y.C.Choi, and D.S.Kim (2009).
Novel CLCN1 mutations and clinical features of Korean patients with myotonia congenita.
  J Korean Med Sci, 24, 1038-1044.  
19617982 J.Kuwabara, H.J.Yoon, C.A.Mirkin, A.G.DiPasquale, and A.L.Rheingold (2009).
Pseudo-allosteric regulation of the anion binding affinity of a macrocyclic coordination complex.
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19135547 L.Ma, G.Y.Rychkov, and A.H.Bretag (2009).
Functional study of cytoplasmic loops of human skeletal muscle chloride channel, hClC-1.
  Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 41, 1402-1409.  
19996368 L.R.Forrest, and G.Rudnick (2009).
The rocking bundle: a mechanism for ion-coupled solute flux by symmetrical transporters.
  Physiology (Bethesda), 24, 377-386.  
19436879 M.Cametti, and K.Rissanen (2009).
Recognition and sensing of fluoride anion.
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19452534 M.K.Ashraf, B.Millare, A.A.Gerasimenko, D.Bao, R.R.Pandey, R.K.Lake, and V.I.Vullev (2009).
Theoretical design of bioinspired macromolecular electrets based on anthranilamide derivatives.
  Biotechnol Prog, 25, 915-922.  
  20577578 P.E.Lopes, B.Roux, and A.D.Mackerell (2009).
Molecular modeling and dynamics studies with explicit inclusion of electronic polarizability. Theory and applications.
  Theor Chem Acc, 124, 11-28.  
19158093 Q.Zhu, R.Azimov, L.Kao, D.Newman, W.Liu, N.Abuladze, A.Pushkin, and I.Kurtz (2009).
NBCe1-A Transmembrane Segment 1 Lines the Ion Translocation Pathway.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 8918-8929.  
  19088383 R.A.Falin, R.Morrison, A.J.Ham, and K.Strange (2009).
Identification of regulatory phosphorylation sites in a cell volume- and Ste20 kinase-dependent ClC anion channel.
  J Gen Physiol, 133, 29-42.  
19158345 R.Puertollano, and K.Kiselyov (2009).
TRPMLs: in sickness and in health.
  Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 296, F1245-F1254.  
19581593 S.Jaud, M.Fernández-Vidal, I.Nilsson, N.M.Meindl-Beinker, N.C.Hübner, D.J.Tobias, G.von Heijne, and S.H.White (2009).
Insertion of short transmembrane helices by the Sec61 translocon.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 11588-11593.  
19169467 S.Kubik (2009).
Amino acid containing anion receptors.
  Chem Soc Rev, 38, 585-605.  
19745816 S.M.Elvington, C.W.Liu, and M.C.Maduke (2009).
Substrate-driven conformational changes in ClC-ec1 observed by fluorine NMR.
  EMBO J, 28, 3090-3102.  
19361419 S.Raunser, J.C.Mathai, P.D.Abeyrathne, A.J.Rice, M.L.Zeidel, and T.Walz (2009).
Oligomeric structure and functional characterization of the urea transporter from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
  J Mol Biol, 387, 619-627.  
19646679 S.Riazuddin, S.Anwar, M.Fischer, Z.M.Ahmed, S.Y.Khan, A.G.Janssen, A.U.Zafar, U.Scholl, T.Husnain, I.A.Belyantseva, P.L.Friedman, S.Riazuddin, T.B.Friedman, and C.Fahlke (2009).
Molecular basis of DFNB73: mutations of BSND can cause nonsyndromic deafness or Bartter syndrome.
  Am J Hum Genet, 85, 273-280.  
19657328 T.Grand, D.Mordasini, S.L'Hoste, T.Pennaforte, M.Genete, M.J.Biyeyeme, R.Vargas-Poussou, A.Blanchard, J.Teulon, and S.Lourdel (2009).
Novel CLCN5 mutations in patients with Dent's disease result in altered ion currents or impaired exchanger processing.
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PDB code: 3det
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12970096 A.J.Thompson, and S.C.Lummis (2003).
A single ring of charged amino acids at one end of the pore can control ion selectivity in the 5-HT3 receptor.
  Br J Pharmacol, 140, 359-365.  
12890704 A.Liantonio, A.De Luca, S.Pierno, M.P.Didonna, F.Loiodice, G.Fracchiolla, P.Tortorella, L.Antonio, E.Bonerba, S.Traverso, L.Elia, A.Picollo, M.Pusch, and D.C.Camerino (2003).
Structural requisites of 2-(p-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid analogues for activity on native rat skeletal muscle chloride conductance and on heterologously expressed CLC-1.
  Br J Pharmacol, 139, 1255-1264.  
12960642 A.P.Feranchak (2003).
Ion channels in digestive health and disease.
  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 37, 230-241.  
12558550 B.Nilius, and G.Droogmans (2003).
Amazing chloride channels: an overview.
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  12885874 C.Miller (2003).
ClC channels: reading eukaryotic function through prokaryotic spectacles.
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  12885876 C.W.Lin, and T.Y.Chen (2003).
Probing the pore of ClC-0 by substituted cysteine accessibility method using methane thiosulfonate reagents.
  J Gen Physiol, 122, 147-159.  
12885673 D.A.Cherepanov, B.A.Feniouk, W.Junge, and A.Y.Mulkidjanian (2003).
Low dielectric permittivity of water at the membrane interface: effect on the energy coupling mechanism in biological membranes.
  Biophys J, 85, 1307-1316.  
14505493 D.C.Warhurst, J.C.Craig, I.S.Adagu, D.J.Meyer, and S.Y.Lee (2003).
The relationship of physico-chemical properties and structure to the differential antiplasmodial activity of the cinchona alkaloids.
  Malar J, 2, 26.  
14599295 D.C.Warhurst (2003).
Polymorphism in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistance transporter protein links verapamil enhancement of chloroquine sensitivity with the clinical efficacy of amodiaquine.
  Malar J, 2, 31.  
14675526 D.E.Clapham, R.MacKinnon, and P.Agre (2003).
Symmetry, selectivity, and the 2003 Nobel Prize.
  Cell, 115, 641-646.  
12609853 D.P.Tieleman, V.Borisenko, M.S.Sansom, and G.A.Woolley (2003).
Understanding pH-dependent selectivity of alamethicin K18 channels by computer simulation.
  Biophys J, 84, 1464-1469.  
12661046 E.Colding-Jørgensen, M.DunØ, M.Schwartz, and J.Vissing (2003).
Decrement of compound muscle action potential is related to mutation type in myotonia congenita.
  Muscle Nerve, 27, 449-455.  
12631358 F.Wu, P.Roche, P.T.Christie, N.Y.Loh, A.A.Reed, R.M.Esnouf, and R.V.Thakker (2003).
Modeling study of human renal chloride channel (hCLC-5) mutations suggests a structural-functional relationship.
  Kidney Int, 63, 1426-1432.  
14633977 I.Ubarretxena-Belandia, J.M.Baldwin, S.Schuldiner, and C.G.Tate (2003).
Three-dimensional structure of the bacterial multidrug transporter EmrE shows it is an asymmetric homodimer.
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12605566 J.Nemec, and W.K.Shen (2003).
Antiarrhythmic drugs: new agents and evolving concepts.
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12633993 J.Torres, T.J.Stevens, and M.Samsó (2003).
Membrane proteins: the 'Wild West' of structural biology.
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12612585 K.Haug, M.Warnstedt, A.K.Alekov, T.Sander, A.Ramírez, B.Poser, S.Maljevic, S.Hebeisen, C.Kubisch, J.Rebstock, S.Horvath, K.Hallmann, J.S.Dullinger, B.Rau, F.Haverkamp, S.Beyenburg, H.Schulz, D.Janz, B.Giese, G.Müller-Newen, P.Propping, C.E.Elger, C.Fahlke, H.Lerche, and A.Heils (2003).
Mutations in CLCN2 encoding a voltage-gated chloride channel are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies.
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14657351 L.Cristian, J.D.Lear, and W.F.DeGrado (2003).
Use of thiol-disulfide equilibria to measure the energetics of assembly of transmembrane helices in phospholipid bilayers.
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12910450 L.R.Forrest, and T.B.Woolf (2003).
Discrimination of native loop conformations in membrane proteins: decoy library design and evaluation of effective energy scoring functions.
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Involvement of helices at the dimer interface in ClC-1 common gating.
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  12885875 M.F.Chen, and T.Y.Chen (2003).
Side-chain charge effects and conductance determinants in the pore of ClC-0 chloride channels.
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12471024 M.Gentzsch, L.Cui, A.Mengos, X.B.Chang, J.H.Chen, and J.R.Riordan (2003).
The PDZ-binding chloride channel ClC-3B localizes to the Golgi and associates with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-interacting PDZ proteins.
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14639587 M.Grunnet, T.Jespersen, E.Colding-Jørgensen, M.Schwartz, D.A.Klaerke, J.Vissing, S.P.Olesen, and M.Dunø (2003).
Characterization of two new dominant ClC-1 channel mutations associated with myotonia.
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14617675 M.I.Niemeyer, L.P.Cid, L.Zúñiga, M.Catalán, and F.V.Sepúlveda (2003).
A conserved pore-lining glutamate as a voltage- and chloride-dependent gate in the ClC-2 chloride channel.
  J Physiol, 553, 873-879.  
12829500 M.T.Facciotti, V.S.Cheung, D.Nguyen, S.Rouhani, and R.M.Glaeser (2003).
Crystal structure of the bromide-bound D85S mutant of bacteriorhodopsin: principles of ion pumping.
  Biophys J, 85, 451-458.
PDB code: 1mgy
12842040 N.K.Vyas, M.N.Vyas, and F.A.Quiocho (2003).
Crystal structure of M tuberculosis ABC phosphate transport receptor: specificity and charge compensation dominated by ion-dipole interactions.
  Structure, 11, 765-774.
PDB code: 1pc3
14501839 N.P.Davies, and M.G.Hanna (2003).
The skeletal muscle channelopathies: distinct entities and overlapping syndromes.
  Curr Opin Neurol, 16, 559-568.  
12740433 O.Beckstein, and M.S.Sansom (2003).
Liquid-vapor oscillations of water in hydrophobic nanopores.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 7063-7068.  
14661270 P.A.Gale (2003).
A "Holey" supramolecular approach to the detection of enzyme activity.
  Chembiochem, 4, 1299-1302.  
12631345 P.Moulin, T.Igarashi, P.Van der Smissen, J.P.Cosyns, P.Verroust, R.V.Thakker, S.J.Scheinman, P.J.Courtoy, and O.Devuyst (2003).
Altered polarity and expression of H+-ATPase without ultrastructural changes in kidneys of Dent's disease patients.
  Kidney Int, 63, 1285-1295.  
12524260 P.R.Selvin (2003).
Lighting up single ion channels.
  Biophys J, 84, 1-2.  
12446737 Q.Zhu, D.W.Lee, and J.R.Casey (2003).
Novel topology in C-terminal region of the human plasma membrane anion exchanger, AE1.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 3112-3120.  
  12767720 R.C.Rodríguez de la Vega, E.Merino, B.Becerril, and L.D.Possani (2003).
Novel interactions between K+ channels and scorpion toxins.
  Trends Pharmacol Sci, 24, 222-227.  
12649487 R.Dutzler, E.B.Campbell, and R.MacKinnon (2003).
Gating the selectivity filter in ClC chloride channels.
  Science, 300, 108-112.
PDB codes: 1ots 1ott 1otu
14526382 R.J.Lewis, and M.L.Garcia (2003).
Therapeutic potential of venom peptides.
  Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2, 790-802.  
12746443 R.Mohammad-Panah, R.Harrison, S.Dhani, C.Ackerley, L.J.Huan, Y.Wang, and C.E.Bear (2003).
The chloride channel ClC-4 contributes to endosomal acidification and trafficking.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 29267-29277.  
12655069 S.C.Burdette, and S.J.Lippard (2003).
Meeting of the minds: metalloneurochemistry.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 3605-3610.  
12920401 S.C.Hebert (2003).
Bartter syndrome.
  Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 12, 527-532.  
12719216 S.Garofoli, and P.C.Jordan (2003).
Modeling permeation energetics in the KcsA potassium channel.
  Biophys J, 84, 2814-2830.  
12668439 S.Hebeisen, H.Heidtmann, D.Cosmelli, C.Gonzalez, B.Poser, R.Latorre, O.Alvarez, and C.Fahlke (2003).
Anion permeation in human ClC-4 channels.
  Biophys J, 84, 2306-2318.  
  12913089 S.Traverso, L.Elia, and M.Pusch (2003).
Gating competence of constitutively open CLC-0 mutants revealed by the interaction with a small organic Inhibitor.
  J Gen Physiol, 122, 295-306.  
14569156 T.Furukawa (2003).
[Various functions of ClC-type Cl- channels]
  Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 122, 375-383.  
12495860 T.Kuner, P.H.Seeburg, and H.R.Guy (2003).
A common architecture for K+ channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors?
  Trends Neurosci, 26, 27-32.  
12907679 T.Tsunenari, H.Sun, J.Williams, H.Cahill, P.Smallwood, K.W.Yau, and J.Nathans (2003).
Structure-function analysis of the bestrophin family of anion channels.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 41114-41125.  
  14581587 T.Y.Chen, M.F.Chen, and C.W.Lin (2003).
Electrostatic control and chloride regulation of the fast gating of ClC-0 chloride channels.
  J Gen Physiol, 122, 641-651.  
12885642 U.Zachariae, V.Helms, and H.Engelhardt (2003).
Multistep mechanism of chloride translocation in a strongly anion-selective porin channel.
  Biophys J, 85, 954-962.  
  14610019 X.Gong, and P.Linsdell (2003).
Mutation-induced blocker permeability and multiion block of the CFTR chloride channel pore.
  J Gen Physiol, 122, 673-687.  
12679371 X.Gong, and P.Linsdell (2003).
Coupled movement of permeant and blocking ions in the CFTR chloride channel pore.
  J Physiol, 549, 375-385.  
12679372 X.Gong, and P.Linsdell (2003).
Molecular determinants and role of an anion binding site in the external mouth of the CFTR chloride channel pore.
  J Physiol, 549, 387-397.  
12819118 Y.Ding, and M.K.Waldor (2003).
Deletion of a Vibrio cholerae ClC channel results in acid sensitivity and enhanced intestinal colonization.
  Infect Immun, 71, 4197-4200.  
12893936 Y.Huang, M.J.Lemieux, J.Song, M.Auer, and D.N.Wang (2003).
Structure and mechanism of the glycerol-3-phosphate transporter from Escherichia coli.
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PDB code: 1pw4
  14581585 Z.Cai, T.S.Scott-Ward, and D.N.Sheppard (2003).
Voltage-dependent gating of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channel.
  J Gen Physiol, 122, 605-620.  
  11981020 A.Keramidas, A.J.Moorhouse, K.D.Pierce, P.R.Schofield, and P.H.Barry (2002).
Cation-selective mutations in the M2 domain of the inhibitory glycine receptor channel reveal determinants of ion-charge selectivity.
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12351998 A.Mankodi, and C.A.Thornton (2002).
Myotonic syndromes.
  Curr Opin Neurol, 15, 545-552.  
12456816 A.Ryan, R.Rüdel, M.Kuchenbecker, and C.Fahlke (2002).
A novel alteration of muscle chloride channel gating in myotonia levior.
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12187317 A.S.Yu (2002).
Elucidating the structural basis of membrane transport protein function: light at the end of the channel?
  Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 11, 523-526.  
11959503 B.Byrne, and S.Iwata (2002).
Membrane protein complexes.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 12, 239-243.  
12443586 D.C.Warhurst, J.C.Craig, and I.S.Adagu (2002).
Lysosomes and drug resistance in malaria.
  Lancet, 360, 1527-1529.  
12414676 D.P.Tieleman, B.Hess, and M.S.Sansom (2002).
Analysis and evaluation of channel models: simulations of alamethicin.
  Biophys J, 83, 2393-2407.  
12163466 E.Rutledge, J.Denton, and K.Strange (2002).
Cell cycle- and swelling-induced activation of a Caenorhabditis elegans ClC channel is mediated by CeGLC-7alpha/beta phosphatases.
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12005426 F.Mancia, and L.Shapiro (2002).
Chloride channel function: partial charges and dipolar rods.
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12214225 G.Yellen (2002).
The voltage-gated potassium channels and their relatives.
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Heterologous expression and purification systems for structural proteomics of Mammalian membrane proteins.
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Serotonin transporter function and pharmacology are sensitive to expression level: evidence for an endogenous regulatory factor.
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12470727 J.M.Boon, and B.D.Smith (2002).
Synthetic membrane transporters.
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12151225 J.W.Karpen, and M.Ruiz (2002).
Ion channels: does each subunit do something on its own?
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12163076 L.O.Essen (2002).
Halorhodopsin: light-driven ion pumping made simple?
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12539264 M.Cascio (2002).
Glycine receptors: lessons on topology and structural effects of the lipid bilayer.
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12177001 M.Ikeda, E.Beitz, D.Kozono, W.B.Guggino, P.Agre, and M.Yasui (2002).
Characterization of aquaporin-6 as a nitrate channel in mammalian cells. Requirement of pore-lining residue threonine 63.
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11980705 M.K.Higgins, D.Weitz, T.Warne, G.F.Schertler, and U.B.Kaupp (2002).
Molecular architecture of a retinal cGMP-gated channel: the arrangement of the cytoplasmic domains.
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12194840 M.S.Sansom, and C.E.Capener (2002).
Ion channels: open at last.
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11900525 N.Hamasaki, Y.Abe, and M.J.Tanner (2002).
Flexible regions within the membrane-embedded portions of polytopic membrane proteins.
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12202351 P.C.Jordan (2002).
Trial by ordeal: ionic free energies in gramicidin.
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11940571 P.Scholze, L.Nørregaard, E.A.Singer, M.Freissmuth, U.Gether, and H.H.Sitte (2002).
The role of zinc ions in reverse transport mediated by monoamine transporters.
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12163078 R.Estévez, and T.J.Jentsch (2002).
CLC chloride channels: correlating structure with function.
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12384697 R.Iyer, T.M.Iverson, A.Accardi, and C.Miller (2002).
A biological role for prokaryotic ClC chloride channels.
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11907549 R.MacKinnon (2002).
Nothing automatic about ion-channel structures.
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12142279 W.Annaert, and B.De Strooper (2002).
A cell biological perspective on Alzheimer's disease.
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12422021 W.J.Haynes, C.Kung, Y.Saimi, and R.R.Preston (2002).
An exchanger-like protein underlies the large Mg2+ current in Paramecium.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 15717-15722.  
12163075 Y.Fujiyoshi, K.Mitsuoka, B.L.de Groot, A.Philippsen, H.Grubmüller, P.Agre, and A.Engel (2002).
Structure and function of water channels.
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The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.

 

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