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PDBsum entry 1bk5
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protein metals Protein-protein interface(s) links
Protein transport PDB id
1bk5

 

 

 

 

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Contents
Protein chains
422 a.a. *
Metals
_CO ×2
Waters ×230
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1bk5
Name: Protein transport
Title: Karyopherin alpha from saccharomyces cerevisiae
Structure: Karyopherin alpha. Chain: a, b. Fragment: armadillo domain. Synonym: importin alpha, srp1p. Engineered: yes
Source: Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Baker's yeast. Organism_taxid: 4932. Strain: w303. Cell_line: bl21. Gene: srp1. Expressed in: escherichia coli bl21(de3). Expression_system_taxid: 469008.
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
2.20Å     R-factor:   0.237     R-free:   0.276
Authors: E.Conti,M.Uy,L.Leighton,G.Blobel,J.Kuriyan
Key ref:
E.Conti et al. (1998). Crystallographic analysis of the recognition of a nuclear localization signal by the nuclear import factor karyopherin alpha. Cell, 94, 193-204. PubMed id: 9695948 DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81419-1
Date:
14-Jul-98     Release date:   06-Jan-99    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q02821  (IMA1_YEAST) -  Importin subunit alpha from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		542 a.a.
422 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class: E.C.?
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]

 

 
DOI no: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81419-1 Cell 94:193-204 (1998)
PubMed id: 9695948  
 
 
Crystallographic analysis of the recognition of a nuclear localization signal by the nuclear import factor karyopherin alpha.
E.Conti, M.Uy, L.Leighton, G.Blobel, J.Kuriyan.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
Selective nuclear import is mediated by nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and cognate transport factors known as karyopherins or importins. Karyopherin alpha recognizes "classical" monopartite and bipartite NLSs. We report the crystal structure of a 50 kDa fragment of the 60 kDa yeast karyopherin alpha, in the absence and presence of a monopartite NLS peptide at 2.2 A and 2.8 A resolution, respectively. The structure shows a tandem array of ten armadillo repeats, organized in a right-handed superhelix of helices. Binding of the NLS peptide occurs at two sites within a helical surface groove that is lined by conserved residues. The structure reveals the determinants of NLS specificity and suggests a model for the recognition of bipartite NLSs.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Three-Dimensional Structure of Kapα50The molecule contains ten tandem arm repeats, which are shown in different colors. With the exception of the first motif, each arm repeat includes three α helices (H1, H2, and H3). The superhelical axis of the molecule is vertical. All ribbon diagrams were generated using RIBBONS ([6]).
Figure 6.
Figure 6. The Kapα50 Dimer in the Crystals(A) Dimer of Kapα50 viewed approximately down the local molecular dyad axis, with the two monomers colored in green and magenta. The arm repeats are numbered sequentially from the N to the C terminus. The helices of the tenth arm motifs are labeled. Note that the first arm repeat lacks the H1 helix.(B) The dimer interactions between the tenth arm repeat of one monomer (in gray with relevant residues depicted in magenta) contacting the H3 helices of the central repeats of the second monomer (in gray with important residues highlighted in green). All the labeled side chains are highly conserved. Hydrogen bonding contacts are shown in dotted lines.
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Cell Press: Cell (1998, 94, 193-204) copyright 1998.  
  Figures were selected by an automated process.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21372083 A.M.Mehdi, M.S.Sehgal, B.Kobe, T.L.Bailey, and M.Bodén (2011).
A probabilistic model of nuclear import of proteins.
  Bioinformatics, 27, 1239-1246.  
21397190 C.F.Lee, A.V.Hauenstein, J.K.Fleming, W.C.Gasper, V.Engelke, B.Sankaran, S.I.Bernstein, and T.Huxford (2011).
X-ray crystal structure of the UCS domain-containing UNC-45 myosin chaperone from Drosophila melanogaster.
  Structure, 19, 397-408.
PDB code: 3now
20857408 E.Purev, D.R.Soprano, and K.J.Soprano (2011).
PP2A interaction with Rb2/p130 mediates translocation of Rb2/p130 into the nucleus in all-trans retinoic acid-treated ovarian carcinoma cells.
  J Cell Physiol, 226, 1027-1034.  
21084499 R.Webel, J.Milbradt, S.Auerochs, V.Schregel, C.Held, K.Nöbauer, E.Razzazi-Fazeli, C.Jardin, T.Wittenberg, H.Sticht, and M.Marschall (2011).
Two isoforms of the protein kinase pUL97 of human cytomegalovirus are differentially regulated in their nuclear translocation.
  J Gen Virol, 92, 638-649.  
21481773 T.L.Yeh, C.Y.Lee, L.M.Amzel, P.J.Espenshade, and M.A.Bianchet (2011).
The hypoxic regulator of sterol synthesis nro1 is a nuclear import adaptor.
  Structure, 19, 503-514.
PDB code: 3msv
20335181 A.Giesecke, and M.Stewart (2010).
Novel binding of the mitotic regulator TPX2 (target protein for xenopus kinesin-like protein 2) to importin-alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 285, 17628-17635.
PDB code: 3knd
20028483 A.Lange, L.M.McLane, R.E.Mills, S.E.Devine, and A.H.Corbett (2010).
Expanding the definition of the classical bipartite nuclear localization signal.
  Traffic, 11, 311-323.  
20130678 C.A.Ewens, P.Kloppsteck, A.Förster, X.Zhang, and P.S.Freemont (2010).
Structural and functional implications of phosphorylation and acetylation in the regulation of the AAA+ protein p97.
  Biochem Cell Biol, 88, 41-48.  
20525292 C.Kim, J.Basner, and B.Lee (2010).
Detecting internally symmetric protein structures.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 11, 303.  
20846261 D.Liu, X.Wu, M.D.Summers, A.Lee, K.J.Ryan, and S.C.Braunagel (2010).
Truncated isoforms of Kap60 facilitate trafficking of Heh2 to the nuclear envelope.
  Traffic, 11, 1506-1518.  
20412059 G.Merényi, E.Kónya, and B.G.Vértessy (2010).
Drosophila proteins involved in metabolism of uracil-DNA possess different types of nuclear localization signals.
  FEBS J, 277, 2142-2156.  
20701745 J.B.Kelley, A.M.Talley, A.Spencer, D.Gioeli, and B.M.Paschal (2010).
Karyopherin alpha7 (KPNA7), a divergent member of the importin alpha family of nuclear import receptors.
  BMC Cell Biol, 11, 63.  
20676082 L.K.Lee, M.A.Ginsburg, C.Crovace, M.Donohoe, and D.Stock (2010).
Structure of the torque ring of the flagellar motor and the molecular basis for rotational switching.
  Nature, 466, 996.
PDB code: 3hjl
  21113240 M.Mossalam, A.S.Dixon, and C.S.Lim (2010).
Controlling subcellular delivery to optimize therapeutic effect.
  Ther Deliv, 1, 169-193.  
20165809 M.Sibrian-Vazquez, T.J.Jensen, and M.G.Vicente (2010).
Influence of the number and distribution of NLS peptides on the photosensitizing activity of multimeric porphyrin-NLS.
  Org Biomol Chem, 8, 1160-1172.  
19927155 N.D.Marchenko, W.Hanel, D.Li, K.Becker, N.Reich, and U.M.Moll (2010).
Stress-mediated nuclear stabilization of p53 is regulated by ubiquitination and importin-alpha3 binding.
  Cell Death Differ, 17, 255-267.  
20435918 N.Gudleski, J.M.Flanagan, E.P.Ryan, M.C.Bewley, and L.J.Parent (2010).
Directionality of nucleocytoplasmic transport of the retroviral gag protein depends on sequential binding of karyopherins and viral RNA.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 9358-9363.  
20543826 N.Jiménez-Menéndez, P.Fernández-Millán, A.Rubio-Cosials, C.Arnan, J.Montoya, H.T.Jacobs, P.Bernadó, M.Coll, I.Usón, and M.Solà (2010).
Human mitochondrial mTERF wraps around DNA through a left-handed superhelical tandem repeat.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17, 891-893.
PDB codes: 3n6s 3n7q
20415582 N.Noy (2010).
Between death and survival: retinoic acid in regulation of apoptosis.
  Annu Rev Nutr, 30, 201-217.  
20818336 R.PawÅ‚owski, E.K.Rajakylä, M.K.Vartiainen, and R.Treisman (2010).
An actin-regulated importin α/β-dependent extended bipartite NLS directs nuclear import of MRTF-A.
  EMBO J, 29, 3448-3458.  
21063449 S.V.Burov, T.V.Yuablokova, M.Y.Dorosh, E.V.Krivizyuk, A.M.Efremov, and S.V.Orlov (2010).
[GnRH analogues containing SV-40 virus T-antigen nuclear localization sequence].
  Bioorg Khim, 36, 630-637.  
21151903 T.J.Mosca, and T.L.Schwarz (2010).
Drosophila Importin-α2 is involved in synapse, axon and muscle development.
  PLoS One, 5, e15223.  
20396401 T.M.Gloster, and D.J.Vocadlo (2010).
Mechanism, Structure, and Inhibition of O-GlcNAc Processing Enzymes.
  Curr Signal Transduct Ther, 5, 74-91.  
20616083 Y.Gu, N.Kaplinsky, M.Bringmann, A.Cobb, A.Carroll, A.Sampathkumar, T.I.Baskin, S.Persson, and C.R.Somerville (2010).
Identification of a cellulose synthase-associated protein required for cellulose biosynthesis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 12866-12871.  
19761539 A.Lachish-Zalait, C.K.Lau, B.Fichtman, E.Zimmerman, A.Harel, M.R.Gaylord, D.J.Forbes, and M.Elbaum (2009).
Transportin mediates nuclear entry of DNA in vertebrate systems.
  Traffic, 10, 1414-1428.  
19563654 A.N.Nguyen Ba, A.Pogoutse, N.Provart, and A.M.Moses (2009).
NLStradamus: a simple Hidden Markov Model for nuclear localization signal prediction.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 10, 202.  
19128473 B.K.Sathyanarayana, Y.Hahn, M.S.Patankar, I.Pastan, and B.Lee (2009).
Mesothelin, Stereocilin, and Otoancorin are predicted to have superhelical structures with ARM-type repeats.
  BMC Struct Biol, 9, 1.  
19308634 D.A.Mason, D.E.Stage, and D.S.Goldfarb (2009).
Evolution of the metazoan-specific importin alpha gene family.
  J Mol Evol, 68, 351-365.  
19421156 E.W.Debler, G.Blobel, and A.Hoelz (2009).
Nuclear transport comes full circle.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 16, 457-459.  
19858191 F.Cardarelli, R.Bizzarri, M.Serresi, L.Albertazzi, and F.Beltram (2009).
Probing nuclear localization signal-importin alpha binding equilibria in living cells.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 36638-36646.  
19561358 F.Yuan, J.El Hokayem, W.Zhou, and Y.Zhang (2009).
FANCI protein binds to DNA and interacts with FANCD2 to recognize branched structures.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 24443-24452.  
19805280 G.Zhao, G.Li, H.Schindelin, and W.J.Lennarz (2009).
An Armadillo motif in Ufd3 interacts with Cdc48 and is involved in ubiquitin homeostasis and protein degradation.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 16197-16202.
PDB code: 3gae
19366694 K.E.Süel, and Y.M.Chook (2009).
Kap104p imports the PY-NLS-containing transcription factor Tfg2p into the nucleus.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 15416-15424.  
18984568 K.F.Pulliam, M.B.Fasken, L.M.McLane, J.V.Pulliam, and A.H.Corbett (2009).
The Classical Nuclear Localization Signal Receptor, Importin-{alpha}, Is Required for Efficient Transition Through the G1/S Stage of the Cell Cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  Genetics, 181, 105-118.  
19514019 L.M.McLane, and A.H.Corbett (2009).
Nuclear localization signals and human disease.
  IUBMB Life, 61, 697-706.  
20514217 N.Freitas, and C.Cunha (2009).
Mechanisms and signals for the nuclear import of proteins.
  Curr Genomics, 10, 550-557.  
19577735 S.A.Adam (2009).
The nuclear transport machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans: A central role in morphogenesis.
  Semin Cell Dev Biol, 20, 576-581.  
19520826 S.Kosugi, M.Hasebe, M.Tomita, and H.Yanagawa (2009).
Systematic identification of cell cycle-dependent yeast nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins by prediction of composite motifs.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 10171-10176.  
19019947 S.L.Taylor, N.Frias-Staheli, A.García-Sastre, and C.S.Schmaljohn (2009).
Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein binds to importin alpha proteins and inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B.
  J Virol, 83, 1271-1279.  
19668212 S.M.Dias, K.F.Wilson, K.S.Rojas, A.L.Ambrosio, and R.A.Cerione (2009).
The molecular basis for the regulation of the cap-binding complex by the importins.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 16, 930-937.
PDB codes: 3fex 3fey
19617375 S.Maas, and W.M.Gommans (2009).
Identification of a selective nuclear import signal in adenosine deaminases acting on RNA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 5822-5829.  
19414022 Y.An, C.Y.Chen, B.Moyer, P.Rotkiewicz, M.A.Elsliger, A.Godzik, I.A.Wilson, and W.E.Balch (2009).
Structural and functional analysis of the globular head domain of p115 provides insight into membrane tethering.
  J Mol Biol, 391, 26-41.
PDB codes: 3gq2 3grl
19277525 Y.Shi (2009).
Assembly and structure of protein phosphatase 2A.
  Sci China C Life Sci, 52, 135-146.  
19879837 Y.Shi (2009).
Serine/threonine phosphatases: mechanism through structure.
  Cell, 139, 468-484.  
18786395 A.Schulte, B.Stolp, A.Schönichen, O.Pylypenko, A.Rak, O.T.Fackler, and M.Geyer (2008).
The human formin FHOD1 contains a bipartite structure of FH3 and GTPase-binding domains required for activation.
  Structure, 16, 1313-1323.
PDB code: 3dad
18676955 C.D.Malone, K.A.Falkowska, A.Y.Li, S.E.Galanti, R.C.Kanuru, E.G.LaMont, K.C.Mazzarella, A.J.Micev, M.M.Osman, N.K.Piotrowski, J.W.Suszko, A.C.Timm, M.M.Xu, L.Liu, and D.L.Chalker (2008).
Nucleus-specific importin alpha proteins and nucleoporins regulate protein import and nuclear division in the binucleate Tetrahymena thermophila.
  Eukaryot Cell, 7, 1487-1499.  
18668204 J.S.Orange, and M.J.May (2008).
Cell penetrating peptide inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappa B.
  Cell Mol Life Sci, 65, 3564-3591.  
18532879 K.E.Süel, H.Gu, and Y.M.Chook (2008).
Modular organization and combinatorial energetics of proline-tyrosine nuclear localization signals.
  PLoS Biol, 6, e137.  
18268099 K.Tahara, M.Takagi, M.Ohsugi, T.Sone, F.Nishiumi, K.Maeshima, Y.Horiuchi, N.Tokai-Nishizumi, F.Imamoto, T.Yamamoto, S.Kose, and N.Imamoto (2008).
Importin-beta and the small guanosine triphosphatase Ran mediate chromosome loading of the human chromokinesin Kid.
  J Cell Biol, 180, 493-506.  
18586821 L.M.McLane, K.F.Pulliam, S.E.Devine, and A.H.Corbett (2008).
The Ty1 integrase protein can exploit the classical nuclear protein import machinery for entry into the nucleus.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 36, 4317-4326.  
18716025 M.Hatayama, T.Tomizawa, K.Sakai-Kato, P.Bouvagnet, S.Kose, N.Imamoto, S.Yokoyama, N.Utsunomiya-Tate, K.Mikoshiba, T.Kigawa, and J.Aruga (2008).
Functional and structural basis of the nuclear localization signal in the ZIC3 zinc finger domain.
  Hum Mol Genet, 17, 3459-3473.
PDB code: 2rpc
17682055 M.M.Pradeepa, S.Manjunatha, V.Sathish, S.Agrawal, and M.R.Rao (2008).
Involvement of importin-4 in the transport of transition protein 2 into the spermatid nucleus.
  Mol Cell Biol, 28, 4331-4341.  
17661348 P.L.Yeung, L.Y.Chen, S.C.Tsai, A.Zhang, and J.D.Chen (2008).
Daxx contains two nuclear localization signals and interacts with importin alpha3.
  J Cell Biochem, 103, 456-470.  
18268017 Q.Li, N.Zhang, D.Zhang, Y.Wang, T.Lin, Y.Wang, H.Zhou, Z.Ye, F.Zhang, S.C.Lin, and J.Han (2008).
Determinants that control the distinct subcellular localization of p38alpha-PRAK and p38beta-PRAK complexes.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 11014-11023.  
18644123 S.S.Haenni, M.Altmeyer, P.O.Hassa, T.Valovka, M.Fey, and M.O.Hottiger (2008).
Importin alpha binding and nuclear localization of PARP-2 is dependent on lysine 36, which is located within a predicted classical NLS.
  BMC Cell Biol, 9, 39.  
18836453 W.Chen, S.S.Lam, H.Srinath, Z.Jiang, J.J.Correia, C.A.Schiffer, K.A.Fitzgerald, K.Lin, and W.E.Royer (2008).
Insights into interferon regulatory factor activation from the crystal structure of dimeric IRF5.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 15, 1213-1220.
PDB code: 3dsh
17506639 A.Cook, F.Bono, M.Jinek, and E.Conti (2007).
Structural biology of nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 76, 647-671.  
17170104 A.Lange, R.E.Mills, C.J.Lange, M.Stewart, S.E.Devine, and A.H.Corbett (2007).
Classical nuclear localization signals: definition, function, and interaction with importin alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 5101-5105.  
17551513 G.Riddick, and I.G.Macara (2007).
The adapter importin-alpha provides flexible control of nuclear import at the expense of efficiency.
  Mol Syst Biol, 3, 118.  
19384428 J.E.Holt, J.D.Ly-Huynh, A.Efthymiadis, G.R.Hime, K.L.Loveland, and D.A.Jans (2007).
Regulation of Nuclear Import During Differentiation; The IMP alpha Gene Family and Spermatogenesis.
  Curr Genomics, 8, 323-334.  
17376915 K.Melén, L.Kinnunen, R.Fagerlund, N.Ikonen, K.Y.Twu, R.M.Krug, and I.Julkunen (2007).
Nuclear and nucleolar targeting of influenza A virus NS1 protein: striking differences between different virus subtypes.
  J Virol, 81, 5995-6006.  
16888799 K.Prüfer, and J.Boudreaux (2007).
Nuclear localization of liver X receptor alpha and beta is differentially regulated.
  J Cell Biochem, 100, 69-85.  
17287812 M.Stewart (2007).
Molecular mechanism of the nuclear protein import cycle.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 8, 195-208.  
17082180 P.Kowal, A.M.Gurtan, P.Stuckert, A.D.D'Andrea, and T.Ellenberger (2007).
Structural determinants of human FANCF protein that function in the assembly of a DNA damage signaling complex.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 2047-2055.
PDB code: 2iqc
17189474 R.G.Garces, W.Gillon, and E.F.Pai (2007).
Atomic model of human Rcd-1 reveals an armadillo-like-repeat protein with in vitro nucleic acid binding properties.
  Protein Sci, 16, 176-188.
PDB code: 2fv2
17283074 S.C.Hsu, and M.C.Hung (2007).
Characterization of a novel tripartite nuclear localization sequence in the EGFR family.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 10432-10440.  
17938174 S.Neimanis, W.Albig, D.Doenecke, and J.Kahle (2007).
Sequence elements in both subunits of the DNA fragmentation factor are essential for its nuclear transport.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 35821-35830.  
17928350 S.P.Reid, C.Valmas, O.Martinez, F.M.Sanchez, and C.F.Basler (2007).
Ebola virus VP24 proteins inhibit the interaction of NPI-1 subfamily karyopherin alpha proteins with activated STAT1.
  J Virol, 81, 13469-13477.  
17626005 W.Wu, J.E.Baxter, S.L.Wattam, D.G.Hayward, M.Fardilha, A.Knebel, E.M.Ford, E.F.da Cruz e Silva, and A.M.Fry (2007).
Alternative splicing controls nuclear translocation of the cell cycle-regulated Nek2 kinase.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 26431-26440.  
16785238 A.E.Hodel, M.T.Harreman, K.F.Pulliam, M.E.Harben, J.S.Holmes, M.R.Hodel, K.M.Berland, and A.H.Corbett (2006).
Nuclear localization signal receptor affinity correlates with in vivo localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 23545-23556.  
16421734 A.S.Madrid, and K.Weis (2006).
Nuclear transport is becoming crystal clear.
  Chromosoma, 115, 98.  
17000757 B.Friedrich, C.Quensel, T.Sommer, E.Hartmann, and M.Köhler (2006).
Nuclear localization signal and protein context both mediate importin alpha specificity of nuclear import substrates.
  Mol Cell Biol, 26, 8697-8709.  
16492669 B.J.Kim, and H.Lee (2006).
Importin-beta mediates Cdc7 nuclear import by binding to the kinase insert II domain, which can be antagonized by importin-alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 12041-12049.  
17116750 B.L.Timney, J.Tetenbaum-Novatt, D.S.Agate, R.Williams, W.Zhang, B.T.Chait, and M.P.Rout (2006).
Simple kinetic relationships and nonspecific competition govern nuclear import rates in vivo.
  J Cell Biol, 175, 579-593.  
  17142896 C.R.Garen, M.M.Cherney, E.M.Bergmann, and M.N.James (2006).
The molecular structure of Rv1873, a conserved hypothetical protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, at 1.38 A resolution.
  Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun, 62, 1201-1205.
PDB code: 2jek
16552788 E.Blazek, and M.Meisterernst (2006).
A functional proteomics approach for the detection of nuclear proteins based on derepressed importin alpha.
  Proteomics, 6, 2070-2078.  
16567089 E.Conti, C.W.Müller, and M.Stewart (2006).
Karyopherin flexibility in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 16, 237-244.  
16809347 J.S.Hontz, M.T.Villar-Lecumberri, B.M.Potter, M.D.Yoder, L.A.Dreyfus, and J.H.Laity (2006).
Differences in crystal and solution structures of the cytolethal distending toxin B subunit: Relevance to nuclear translocation and functional activation.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 25365-25372.
PDB code: 2f1n
16936753 K.J.Soprano, E.Purev, S.Vuocolo, and D.R.Soprano (2006).
Rb2/p130 and protein phosphatase 2A: key mediators of ovarian carcinoma cell growth suppression by all-trans retinoic acid.
  Oncogene, 25, 5315-5325.  
16623705 K.Tschöp, G.A.Müller, J.Grosche, and K.Engeland (2006).
Human cyclin B3. mRNA expression during the cell cycle and identification of three novel nonclassical nuclear localization signals.
  FEBS J, 273, 1681-1695.  
16525863 M.A.van der Aa, E.Mastrobattista, R.S.Oosting, W.E.Hennink, G.A.Koning, and D.J.Crommelin (2006).
The nuclear pore complex: the gateway to successful nonviral gene delivery.
  Pharm Res, 23, 447-459.  
16297627 M.Bienz (2006).
The PHD finger, a nuclear protein-interaction domain.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 31, 35-40.  
16648821 M.G.di Bari, L.Ciuffini, M.Mingardi, R.Testi, S.Soddu, and D.Barilà (2006).
c-Abl acetylation by histone acetyltransferases regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic localization.
  EMBO Rep, 7, 727-733.  
16868551 N.C.Reich, and L.Liu (2006).
Tracking STAT nuclear traffic.
  Nat Rev Immunol, 6, 602-612.  
16439554 R.Kitamura, T.Sekimoto, S.Ito, S.Harada, H.Yamagata, H.Masai, Y.Yoneda, and K.Yanagi (2006).
Nuclear import of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 mediated by NPI-1 (Importin alpha5) is up- and down-regulated by phosphorylation of the nuclear localization signal for which Lys379 and Arg380 are essential.
  J Virol, 80, 1979-1991.  
16403019 T.Ilmarinen, K.Melén, H.Kangas, I.Julkunen, I.Ulmanen, and P.Eskelin (2006).
The monopartite nuclear localization signal of autoimmune regulator mediates its nuclear import and interaction with multiple importin alpha molecules.
  FEBS J, 273, 315-324.  
16950780 Y.Pu, M.L.Peach, S.H.Garfield, S.Wincovitch, V.E.Marquez, and P.M.Blumberg (2006).
Effects on ligand interaction and membrane translocation of the positively charged arginine residues situated along the C1 domain binding cleft in the atypical protein kinase C isoforms.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 33773-33788.  
17038808 Y.Shishido-Hara (2006).
[Development of intranuclear inclusions of human polyomavirus JC. Capsid proteins are assembled into virions at the PML nuclear bodies]
  Uirusu, 56, 17-25.  
17174897 Y.Xu, Y.Xing, Y.Chen, Y.Chao, Z.Lin, E.Fan, J.W.Yu, S.Strack, P.D.Jeffrey, and Y.Shi (2006).
Structure of the protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme.
  Cell, 127, 1239-1251.
PDB codes: 2npp 2nyl 2nym
16189009 C.L.Stallings, and S.Silverstein (2005).
Dissection of a novel nuclear localization signal in open reading frame 29 of varicella-zoster virus.
  J Virol, 79, 13070-13081.  
15807781 D.Gürlebeck, B.Szurek, and U.Bonas (2005).
Dimerization of the bacterial effector protein AvrBs3 in the plant cell cytoplasm prior to nuclear import.
  Plant J, 42, 175-187.  
16176272 D.R.Littler, N.N.Assaad, S.J.Harrop, L.J.Brown, G.J.Pankhurst, P.Luciani, M.I.Aguilar, M.Mazzanti, M.A.Berryman, S.N.Breit, and P.M.Curmi (2005).
Crystal structure of the soluble form of the redox-regulated chloride ion channel protein CLIC4.
  FEBS J, 272, 4996-5007.
PDB code: 2ahe
15747385 F.Noor, A.Wüstholz, R.Kinscherf, and N.Metzler-Nolte (2005).
A cobaltocenium-peptide bioconjugate shows enhanced cellular uptake and directed nuclear delivery.
  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 44, 2429-2432.  
15795315 G.Riddick, and I.G.Macara (2005).
A systems analysis of importin-{alpha}-{beta} mediated nuclear protein import.
  J Cell Biol, 168, 1027-1038.  
15752134 J.D.Mancias, and J.Goldberg (2005).
Exiting the endoplasmic reticulum.
  Traffic, 6, 278-285.  
16030253 J.K.Ospina, G.B.Gonsalvez, J.Bednenko, E.Darzynkiewicz, L.Gerace, and A.G.Matera (2005).
Cross-talk between snurportin1 subdomains.
  Mol Biol Cell, 16, 4660-4671.  
16008515 J.Z.Chen, S.D.Huang, C.N.Ji, R.Y.Pang, Y.Xie, and J.L.Xue (2005).
Identification, expression pattern, and subcellular location of human RIP isoforms.
  DNA Cell Biol, 24, 464-469.  
15702987 L.F.Pemberton, and B.M.Paschal (2005).
Mechanisms of receptor-mediated nuclear import and nuclear export.
  Traffic, 6, 187-198.  
15919823 L.Liu, K.M.McBride, and N.C.Reich (2005).
STAT3 nuclear import is independent of tyrosine phosphorylation and mediated by importin-alpha3.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 8150-8155.  
15989462 M.A.Farrow, M.Somasundaran, C.Zhang, D.Gabuzda, J.L.Sullivan, and T.C.Greenough (2005).
Nuclear localization of HIV type 1 Vif isolated from a long-term asymptomatic individual and potential role in virus attenuation.
  AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 21, 565-574.  
15611084 M.H.Chen, I.Ben-Efraim, G.Mitrousis, N.Walker-Kopp, P.J.Sims, and G.Cingolani (2005).
Phospholipid scramblase 1 contains a nonclassical nuclear localization signal with unique binding site in importin alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 10599-10606.
PDB code: 1y2a
15937127 M.Umeda, S.Izaddoost, I.Cushman, M.S.Moore, and S.Sazer (2005).
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two importin-alpha proteins, Imp1p and Cut15p, which have common and unique functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport and cell cycle progression.
  Genetics, 171, 7.  
15702990 M.Vujanac, A.Fenaroli, and V.Zimarino (2005).
Constitutive nuclear import and stress-regulated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of mammalian heat-shock factor 1.
  Traffic, 6, 214-229.  
16204846 O.Keskin, B.Ma, K.Rogale, K.Gunasekaran, and R.Nussinov (2005).
Protein-protein interactions: organization, cooperativity and mapping in a bottom-up Systems Biology approach.
  Phys Biol, 2, S24-S35.  
15613354 R.Suzuki, S.Sakamoto, T.Tsutsumi, A.Rikimaru, K.Tanaka, T.Shimoike, K.Moriishi, T.Iwasaki, K.Mizumoto, Y.Matsuura, T.Miyamura, and T.Suzuki (2005).
Molecular determinants for subcellular localization of hepatitis C virus core protein.
  J Virol, 79, 1271-1281.  
16204233 R.Yasmin, R.M.Williams, M.Xu, and N.Noy (2005).
Nuclear import of the retinoid X receptor, the vitamin D receptor, and their mutual heterodimer.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 40152-40160.  
15798196 W.Hu, A.S.Philips, J.C.Kwok, M.Eisbacher, and B.H.Chong (2005).
Identification of nuclear import and export signals within Fli-1: roles of the nuclear import signals in Fli-1-dependent activation of megakaryocyte-specific promoters.
  Mol Cell Biol, 25, 3087-3108.  
16222336 Y.Matsuura, and M.Stewart (2005).
Nup50/Npap60 function in nuclear protein import complex disassembly and importin recycling.
  EMBO J, 24, 3681-3689.
PDB codes: 2c1m 2c1t
15694338 Y.Shomura, Z.Dragovic, H.C.Chang, N.Tzvetkov, J.C.Young, J.L.Brodsky, V.Guerriero, F.U.Hartl, and A.Bracher (2005).
Regulation of Hsp70 function by HspBP1: structural analysis reveals an alternate mechanism for Hsp70 nucleotide exchange.
  Mol Cell, 17, 367-379.
PDB codes: 1xqr 1xqs
15241417 A.Meinhart, and P.Cramer (2004).
Recognition of RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain by 3'-RNA-processing factors.
  Nature, 430, 223-226.
PDB codes: 1sz9 1sza
14730349 C.C.Milburn, J.Boudeau, M.Deak, D.R.Alessi, and D.M.van Aalten (2004).
Crystal structure of MO25 alpha in complex with the C terminus of the pseudo kinase STE20-related adaptor.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 11, 193-200.
PDB codes: 1upk 1upl
15350979 D.S.Goldfarb, A.H.Corbett, D.A.Mason, M.T.Harreman, and S.A.Adam (2004).
Importin alpha: a multipurpose nuclear-transport receptor.
  Trends Cell Biol, 14, 505-514.  
15229884 E.S.Shih, and M.J.Hwang (2004).
Alternative alignments from comparison of protein structures.
  Proteins, 56, 519-527.  
15351969 H.M.Johnson, P.S.Subramaniam, S.Olsnes, and D.A.Jans (2004).
Trafficking and signaling pathways of nuclear localizing protein ligands and their receptors.
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15247907 K.Arita, H.Hashimoto, T.Shimizu, K.Nakashima, M.Yamada, and M.Sato (2004).
Structural basis for Ca(2+)-induced activation of human PAD4.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 11, 777-783.
PDB codes: 1wd8 1wd9 1wda
15090078 L.V.Zhang, S.L.Wong, O.D.King, and F.P.Roth (2004).
Predicting co-complexed protein pairs using genomic and proteomic data integration.
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15147272 M.Furuta, S.Kose, M.Koike, T.Shimi, Y.Hiraoka, Y.Yoneda, T.Haraguchi, and N.Imamoto (2004).
Heat-shock induced nuclear retention and recycling inhibition of importin alpha.
  Genes Cells, 9, 429-441.  
15361863 M.Jínek, J.Rehwinkel, B.D.Lazarus, E.Izaurralde, J.A.Hanover, and E.Conti (2004).
The superhelical TPR-repeat domain of O-linked GlcNAc transferase exhibits structural similarities to importin alpha.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 11, 1001-1007.
PDB code: 1w3b
15479450 M.Luo, C.W.Pang, A.E.Gerken, and T.G.Brock (2004).
Multiple nuclear localization sequences allow modulation of 5-lipoxygenase nuclear import.
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14998990 M.T.Harreman, T.M.Kline, H.G.Milford, M.B.Harben, A.E.Hodel, and A.H.Corbett (2004).
Regulation of nuclear import by phosphorylation adjacent to nuclear localization signals.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 20613-20621.  
15201271 P.März, A.Probst, S.Lang, M.Schwager, S.Rose-John, U.Otten, and S.Ozbek (2004).
Ataxin-10, the spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 neurodegenerative disorder protein, is essential for survival of cerebellar neurons.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 35542-35550.  
13679510 S.C.Ems-McClung, Y.Zheng, and C.E.Walczak (2004).
Importin alpha/beta and Ran-GTP regulate XCTK2 microtubule binding through a bipartite nuclear localization signal.
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15057270 T.Sekimoto, M.Fukumoto, and Y.Yoneda (2004).
14-3-3 suppresses the nuclear localization of threonine 157-phosphorylated p27(Kip1).
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15342649 W.Wang, X.Yang, T.Kawai, I.López de Silanes, K.Mazan-Mamczarz, P.Chen, Y.M.Chook, C.Quensel, M.Köhler, and M.Gorospe (2004).
AMP-activated protein kinase-regulated phosphorylation and acetylation of importin alpha1: involvement in the nuclear import of RNA-binding protein HuR.
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14767054 Y.Katsuragi, and N.Sagata (2004).
Regulation of Chk1 kinase by autoinhibition and ATR-mediated phosphorylation.
  Mol Biol Cell, 15, 1680-1689.  
15602554 Y.Matsuura, and M.Stewart (2004).
Structural basis for the assembly of a nuclear export complex.
  Nature, 432, 872-877.
PDB code: 1wa5
12556500 A.Antonsson, K.Hughes, S.Edin, and T.Grundström (2003).
Regulation of c-Rel nuclear localization by binding of Ca2+/calmodulin.
  Mol Cell Biol, 23, 1418-1427.  
12881431 A.Chester, A.Somasekaram, M.Tzimina, A.Jarmuz, J.Gisbourne, R.O'Keefe, J.Scott, and N.Navaratnam (2003).
The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex performs a multifunctional cycle and suppresses nonsense-mediated decay.
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12594203 C.Koerner, T.Guan, L.Gerace, and G.Cingolani (2003).
Synergy of silent and hot spot mutations in importin beta reveals a dynamic mechanism for recognition of a nuclear localization signal.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 16216-16221.  
  14704178 D.A.Mason, E.Máthé, R.J.Fleming, and D.S.Goldfarb (2003).
The Drosophila melanogaster importin alpha3 locus encodes an essential gene required for the development of both larval and adult tissues.
  Genetics, 165, 1943-1958.  
14514698 D.Gilchrist, and M.Rexach (2003).
Molecular basis for the rapid dissociation of nuclear localization signals from karyopherin alpha in the nucleoplasm.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 51937-51949.  
12604785 D.P.Denning, S.S.Patel, V.Uversky, A.L.Fink, and M.Rexach (2003).
Disorder in the nuclear pore complex: the FG repeat regions of nucleoporins are natively unfolded.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 2450-2455.  
12490886 E.Conti (2003).
The hitchhiker's guide to the nucleus.
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12970177 H.Akarsu, W.P.Burmeister, C.Petosa, I.Petit, C.W.Müller, R.W.Ruigrok, and F.Baudin (2003).
Crystal structure of the M1 protein-binding domain of the influenza A virus nuclear export protein (NEP/NS2).
  EMBO J, 22, 4646-4655.
PDB code: 1pd3
12684370 I.Nikolaev, M.F.Cochet, and B.Felenbok (2003).
Nuclear import of zinc binuclear cluster proteins proceeds through multiple, overlapping transport pathways.
  Eukaryot Cell, 2, 209-221.  
12553904 J.Perry, and N.Kleckner (2003).
The ATRs, ATMs, and TORs are giant HEAT repeat proteins.
  Cell, 112, 151-155.  
12740372 K.Melen, R.Fagerlund, J.Franke, M.Kohler, L.Kinnunen, and I.Julkunen (2003).
Importin alpha nuclear localization signal binding sites for STAT1, STAT2, and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 28193-28200.  
12969505 M.Carrière, V.Escriou, A.Savarin, and D.Scherman (2003).
Coupling of importin beta binding peptide on plasmid DNA: transfection efficiency is increased by modification of lipoplex's physico-chemical properties.
  BMC Biotechnol, 3, 14.  
12695505 M.R.Fontes, T.Teh, D.Jans, R.I.Brinkworth, and B.Kobe (2003).
Structural basis for the specificity of bipartite nuclear localization sequence binding by importin-alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 27981-27987.
PDB codes: 1pjm 1pjn
12486120 M.T.Harreman, M.R.Hodel, P.Fanara, A.E.Hodel, and A.H.Corbett (2003).
The auto-inhibitory function of importin alpha is essential in vivo.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 5854-5863.  
12672802 M.T.Harreman, P.E.Cohen, M.R.Hodel, G.J.Truscott, A.H.Corbett, and A.E.Hodel (2003).
Characterization of the auto-inhibitory sequence within the N-terminal domain of importin alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 21361-21369.  
12610148 P.Lischka, G.Sorg, M.Kann, M.Winkler, and T.Stamminger (2003).
A nonconventional nuclear localization signal within the UL84 protein of human cytomegalovirus mediates nuclear import via the importin alpha/beta pathway.
  J Virol, 77, 3734-3748.  
12525477 S.M.Jones, M.Luo, M.Peters-Golden, and T.G.Brock (2003).
Identification of two novel nuclear import sequences on the 5-lipoxygenase protein.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 10257-10263.  
12917403 S.W.Leung, M.T.Harreman, M.R.Hodel, A.E.Hodel, and A.H.Corbett (2003).
Dissection of the karyopherin alpha nuclear localization signal (NLS)-binding groove: functional requirements for NLS binding.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 41947-41953.  
12858164 T.Aviv, Z.Lin, S.Lau, L.M.Rendl, F.Sicheri, and C.A.Smibert (2003).
The RNA-binding SAM domain of Smaug defines a new family of post-transcriptional regulators.
  Nat Struct Biol, 10, 614-621.  
14583259 T.Gururaja, W.Li, S.Catalano, J.Bogenberger, J.Zheng, B.Keller, J.Vialard, M.Janicot, L.Li, Y.Hitoshi, D.G.Payan, and D.C.Anderson (2003).
Cellular interacting proteins of functional screen-derived antiproliferative and cytotoxic peptides discovered using shotgun peptide sequencing.
  Chem Biol, 10, 927-937.  
12942139 T.M.Hall (2003).
SAM breaks its stereotype.
  Nat Struct Biol, 10, 677-679.  
14532109 Y.Matsuura, A.Lange, M.T.Harreman, A.H.Corbett, and M.Stewart (2003).
Structural basis for Nup2p function in cargo release and karyopherin recycling in nuclear import.
  EMBO J, 22, 5358-5369.
PDB code: 1un0
12186919 A.Nakanishi, D.Shum, H.Morioka, E.Otsuka, and H.Kasamatsu (2002).
Interaction of the Vp3 nuclear localization signal with the importin alpha 2/beta heterodimer directs nuclear entry of infecting simian virus 40.
  J Virol, 76, 9368-9377.  
11992126 C.H.Williams, T.J.Stillman, V.V.Barynin, S.E.Sedelnikova, Y.Tang, J.Green, J.R.Guest, and P.J.Artymiuk (2002).
E. coli aconitase B structure reveals a HEAT-like domain with implications for protein-protein recognition.
  Nat Struct Biol, 9, 447-452.
PDB code: 1l5j
11882654 C.V.Braem, K.Kas, E.Meyen, M.Debiec-Rychter, W.J.Van De Ven, and M.L.Voz (2002).
Identification of a karyopherin alpha 2 recognition site in PLAG1, which functions as a nuclear localization signal.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 19673-19678.  
  12019231 D.A.Mason, R.J.Fleming, and D.S.Goldfarb (2002).
Drosophila melanogaster importin alpha1 and alpha3 can replace importin alpha2 during spermatogenesis but not oogenesis.
  Genetics, 161, 157-170.  
12161448 D.L.Madison, P.Yaciuk, R.P.Kwok, and J.R.Lundblad (2002).
Acetylation of the adenovirus-transforming protein E1A determines nuclear localization by disrupting association with importin-alpha.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 38755-38763.  
12065587 D.P.Denning, V.Uversky, S.S.Patel, A.L.Fink, and M.Rexach (2002).
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleoporin Nup2p is a natively unfolded protein.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 33447-33455.  
11862214 F.Hamada, and M.Bienz (2002).
A Drosophila APC tumour suppressor homologue functions in cellular adhesion.
  Nat Cell Biol, 4, 208-213.  
12504010 G.Cingolani, J.Bednenko, M.T.Gillespie, and L.Gerace (2002).
Molecular basis for the recognition of a nonclassical nuclear localization signal by importin beta.
  Mol Cell, 10, 1345-1353.
PDB code: 1m5n
12221121 K.G.Geles, J.J.Johnson, S.Jong, and S.A.Adam (2002).
A role for Caenorhabditis elegans importin IMA-2 in germ line and embryonic mitosis.
  Mol Biol Cell, 13, 3138-3147.  
11927559 K.M.McBride, G.Banninger, C.McDonald, and N.C.Reich (2002).
Regulated nuclear import of the STAT1 transcription factor by direct binding of importin-alpha.
  EMBO J, 21, 1754-1763.  
12393868 K.Nakashima, T.Hagiwara, and M.Yamada (2002).
Nuclear localization of peptidylarginine deiminase V and histone deimination in granulocytes.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 49562-49568.  
11988767 M.Bienz (2002).
The subcellular destinations of APC proteins.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 3, 328-338.  
12176322 M.E.Lindsay, K.Plafker, A.E.Smith, B.E.Clurman, and I.G.Macara (2002).
Npap60/Nup50 is a tri-stable switch that stimulates importin-alpha:beta-mediated nuclear protein import.
  Cell, 110, 349-360.  
12047381 M.G.Romanelli, and C.Morandi (2002).
Importin alpha binds to an unusual bipartite nuclear localization signal in the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein type I.
  Eur J Biochem, 269, 2727-2734.  
11854401 N.Panté, and M.Kann (2002).
Nuclear pore complex is able to transport macromolecules with diameters of about 39 nm.
  Mol Biol Cell, 13, 425-434.  
12372263 N.Vodovar, J.D.Clayton, R.Costa, M.Odell, and C.P.Kyriacou (2002).
The Drosophila clock protein Timeless is a member of the Arm/HEAT family.
  Curr Biol, 12, R610-R611.  
12048190 R.Fagerlund, K.Mélen, L.Kinnunen, and I.Julkunen (2002).
Arginine/lysine-rich nuclear localization signals mediate interactions between dimeric STATs and importin alpha 5.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 30072-30078.  
12408870 S.K.Chan, and G.Struhl (2002).
Evidence that Armadillo transduces wingless by mediating nuclear export or cytosolic activation of Pangolin.
  Cell, 111, 265-280.  
12140292 S.M.Jones, M.Luo, A.M.Healy, M.Peters-Golden, and T.G.Brock (2002).
Structural and functional criteria reveal a new nuclear import sequence on the 5-lipoxygenase protein.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 38550-38556.  
11796712 T.Wolff, G.Unterstab, G.Heins, J.A.Richt, and M.Kann (2002).
Characterization of an unusual importin alpha binding motif in the borna disease virus p10 protein that directs nuclear import.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 12151-12157.  
12202039 X.Wang, J.McLachlan, P.D.Zamore, and T.M.Hall (2002).
Modular recognition of RNA by a human pumilio-homology domain.
  Cell, 110, 501-512.
PDB codes: 1m8w 1m8x 1m8y
12411501 Y.Miyamoto, M.Hieda, M.T.Harreman, M.Fukumoto, T.Saiwaki, A.E.Hodel, A.H.Corbett, and Y.Yoneda (2002).
Importin alpha can migrate into the nucleus in an importin beta- and Ran-independent manner.
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11348595 A.H.Huber, and W.I.Weis (2001).
The structure of the beta-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the molecular basis of diverse ligand recognition by beta-catenin.
  Cell, 105, 391-402.
PDB codes: 1i7w 1i7x
11679083 A.Krzywicka, J.Beisson, A.M.Keller, J.Cohen, M.Jerka-Dziadosz, and C.Klotz (2001).
KIN241: a gene involved in cell morphogenesis in Paramecium tetraurelia reveals a novel protein family of cyclophilin-RNA interacting proteins (CRIPs) conserved from fission yeast to man.
  Mol Microbiol, 42, 257-267.  
11641389 B.Li, W.Zhang, G.Chan, A.Jancso-Radek, S.Liu, and M.A.Weiss (2001).
Human sex reversal due to impaired nuclear localization of SRY. A clinical correlation.
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11425876 D.J.Dilworth, A.Suprapto, J.C.Padovan, B.T.Chait, R.W.Wozniak, M.P.Rout, and J.D.Aitchison (2001).
Nup2p dynamically associates with the distal regions of the yeast nuclear pore complex.
  J Cell Biol, 153, 1465-1478.  
11343901 E.Conti, and E.Izaurralde (2001).
Nucleocytoplasmic transport enters the atomic age.
  Curr Opin Cell Biol, 13, 310-319.  
11689703 F.Zhang, R.L.White, and K.L.Neufeld (2001).
Cell density and phosphorylation control the subcellular localization of adenomatous polyposis coli protein.
  Mol Cell Biol, 21, 8143-8156.  
11389851 H.Yamaguchi, M.Matsushita, A.C.Nairn, and J.Kuriyan (2001).
Crystal structure of the atypical protein kinase domain of a TRP channel with phosphotransferase activity.
  Mol Cell, 7, 1047-1057.
PDB codes: 1ia9 1iah 1iaj
11729264 I.G.Macara (2001).
Transport into and out of the nucleus.
  Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 65, 570.  
  11294915 I.Simcha, C.Kirkpatrick, E.Sadot, M.Shtutman, G.Polevoy, B.Geiger, M.Peifer, and A.Ben-Ze'ev (2001).
Cadherin sequences that inhibit beta-catenin signaling: a study in yeast and mammalian cells.
  Mol Biol Cell, 12, 1177-1188.  
11154266 J.G.Savory, G.G.Préfontaine, C.Lamprecht, M.Liao, R.F.Walther, Y.A.Lefebvre, and R.J.Haché (2001).
Glucocorticoid receptor homodimers and glucocorticoid-mineralocorticoid receptor heterodimers form in the cytoplasm through alternative dimerization interfaces.
  Mol Cell Biol, 21, 781-793.  
11266464 K.Yoshida, and G.Blobel (2001).
The karyopherin Kap142p/Msn5p mediates nuclear import and nuclear export of different cargo proteins.
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11161218 M.G.Ford, B.M.Pearse, M.K.Higgins, Y.Vallis, D.J.Owen, A.Gibson, C.R.Hopkins, P.R.Evans, and H.T.McMahon (2001).
Simultaneous binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and clathrin by AP180 in the nucleation of clathrin lattices on membranes.
  Science, 291, 1051-1055.
PDB codes: 1hf8 1hfa 1hg2 1hg5
11737599 M.Köhler, I.B.Buchwalow, G.Alexander, M.Christiansen, E.Shagdarsuren, V.Samoilova, E.Hartmann, E.M.Mervaala, and H.Haller (2001).
Increased importin alpha protein expression in diabetic nephropathy.
  Kidney Int, 60, 2263-2273.  
11163242 O.J.Gruss, R.E.Carazo-Salas, C.A.Schatz, G.Guarguaglini, J.Kast, M.Wilm, N.Le Bot, I.Vernos, E.Karsenti, and I.W.Mattaj (2001).
Ran induces spindle assembly by reversing the inhibitory effect of importin alpha on TPX2 activity.
  Cell, 104, 83-93.  
11489212 P.Heger, J.Lohmaier, G.Schneider, K.Schweimer, and R.H.Stauber (2001).
Qualitative highly divergent nuclear export signals can regulate export by the competition for transport cofactors in vivo.
  Traffic, 2, 544-555.  
11238901 R.Vongsamphanh, P.K.Fortier, and D.Ramotar (2001).
Pir1p mediates translocation of the yeast Apn1p endonuclease into the mitochondria to maintain genomic stability.
  Mol Cell Biol, 21, 1647-1655.  
11336677 T.A.Edwards, S.E.Pyle, R.P.Wharton, and A.K.Aggarwal (2001).
Structure of Pumilio reveals similarity between RNA and peptide binding motifs.
  Cell, 105, 281-289.
PDB code: 3h3d
11713475 T.A.Graham, D.M.Ferkey, F.Mao, D.Kimelman, and W.Xu (2001).
Tcf4 can specifically recognize beta-catenin using alternative conformations.
  Nat Struct Biol, 8, 1048-1052.
PDB code: 1jdh
11336708 X.Wang, P.D.Zamore, and T.M.Hall (2001).
Crystal structure of a Pumilio homology domain.
  Mol Cell, 7, 855-865.
PDB codes: 1ib2 1ib3 1m8z
10842307 D.A.Jans, C.Y.Xiao, and M.H.Lam (2000).
Nuclear targeting signal recognition: a key control point in nuclear transport?
  Bioessays, 22, 532-544.  
10822175 D.Christophe, C.Christophe-Hobertus, and B.Pichon (2000).
Nuclear targeting of proteins: how many different signals?
  Cell Signal, 12, 337-341.  
10873829 D.J.Owen, and J.P.Luzio (2000).
Structural insights into clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
  Curr Opin Cell Biol, 12, 467-474.  
10745017 E.Conti, and J.Kuriyan (2000).
Crystallographic analysis of the specific yet versatile recognition of distinct nuclear localization signals by karyopherin alpha.
  Structure, 8, 329-338.
PDB codes: 1ee4 1ee5
10729155 E.Lombardo, J.C.Ramírez, M.Agbandje-McKenna, and J.M.Almendral (2000).
A beta-stranded motif drives capsid protein oligomers of the parvovirus minute virus of mice into the nucleus for viral assembly.
  J Virol, 74, 3804-3814.  
11050185 F.Zhang, R.L.White, and K.L.Neufeld (2000).
Phosphorylation near nuclear localization signal regulates nuclear import of adenomatous polyposis coli protein.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 12577-12582.  
11025548 G.D.Bowman, I.M.Nodelman, Y.Hong, N.H.Chua, U.Lindberg, and C.E.Schutt (2000).
A comparative structural analysis of the ADF/cofilin family.
  Proteins, 41, 374-384.
PDB code: 1f7s
10713985 G.J.Gatto, B.V.Geisbrecht, S.J.Gould, and J.M.Berg (2000).
A proposed model for the PEX5-peroxisomal targeting signal-1 recognition complex.
  Proteins, 38, 241-246.  
10880961 I.Hofmann, N.Mücke, J.Reed, H.Herrmann, and J.Langowski (2000).
Physical characterization of plakophilin 1 reconstituted with and without zinc.
  Eur J Biochem, 267, 4381-4389.  
11208133 J.A.Ybe, D.E.Wakeham, F.M.Brodsky, and P.K.Hwang (2000).
Molecular structures of proteins involved in vesicle fusion.
  Traffic, 1, 474-479.  
10860992 J.F.Lau, J.P.Parisien, and C.M.Horvath (2000).
Interferon regulatory factor subcellular localization is determined by a bipartite nuclear localization signal in the DNA-binding domain and interaction with cytoplasmic retention factors.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 7278-7283.  
10967423 J.K.Hood, and P.A.Silver (2000).
Diverse nuclear transport pathways regulate cell proliferation and oncogenesis.
  Biochim Biophys Acta, 1471, M31-M41.  
11092841 K.A.Sacksteder, and S.J.Gould (2000).
The genetics of peroxisome biogenesis.
  Annu Rev Genet, 34, 623-652.  
10970839 K.Hamada, T.Shimizu, T.Matsui, S.Tsukita, and T.Hakoshima (2000).
Structural basis of the membrane-targeting and unmasking mechanisms of the radixin FERM domain.
  EMBO J, 19, 4449-4462.
PDB codes: 1gc6 1gc7
10805757 K.P.Kumar, K.M.McBride, B.K.Weaver, C.Dingwall, and N.C.Reich (2000).
Regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of interferon regulatory factor 3, a subunit of double-stranded RNA-activated factor 1.
  Mol Cell Biol, 20, 4159-4168.  
11258480 M.Cokol, R.Nair, and B.Rost (2000).
Finding nuclear localization signals.
  EMBO Rep, 1, 411-415.  
10853666 M.D.Connolly, S.B.Park, B.M.Reedy, and R.F.Standaert (2000).
A simple, solid-phase binding assay for the nuclear import receptor karyopherin alpha. Part 1: direct binding.
  Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 10, 951-954.  
10913188 M.M.Tabb, P.Tongaonkar, L.Vu, and M.Nomura (2000).
Evidence for separable functions of Srp1p, the yeast homolog of importin alpha (Karyopherin alpha): role for Srp1p and Sts1p in protein degradation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 20, 6062-6073.  
10831607 N.Shulga, N.Mosammaparast, R.Wozniak, and D.S.Goldfarb (2000).
Yeast nucleoporins involved in passive nuclear envelope permeability.
  J Cell Biol, 149, 1027-1038.  
10675317 P.Nissen, M.Kjeldgaard, and J.Nyborg (2000).
Macromolecular mimicry.
  EMBO J, 19, 489-495.  
10853667 S.B.Park, B.M.Reedy, and R.F.Standaert (2000).
A simple, solid-phase binding assay for the nuclear import receptor karyopherin alpha. Part 2: competitive binding.
  Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 10, 955-956.  
11136974 T.A.Graham, C.Weaver, F.Mao, D.Kimelman, and W.Xu (2000).
Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/Tcf complex.
  Cell, 103, 885-896.
PDB code: 1g3j
10982828 T.L.Murphy, E.D.Geissal, J.D.Farrar, and K.M.Murphy (2000).
Role of the Stat4 N domain in receptor proximal tyrosine phosphorylation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 20, 7121-7131.  
  10888680 X.Pan, P.Roberts, Y.Chen, E.Kvam, N.Shulga, K.Huang, S.Lemmon, and D.S.Goldfarb (2000).
Nucleus-vacuole junctions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are formed through the direct interaction of Vac8p with Nvj1p.
  Mol Biol Cell, 11, 2445-2457.  
10644357 Y.Shishido-Hara, Y.Hara, T.Larson, K.Yasui, K.Nagashima, and G.L.Stoner (2000).
Analysis of capsid formation of human polyomavirus JC (Tokyo-1 strain) by a eukaryotic expression system: splicing of late RNAs, translation and nuclear transport of major capsid protein VP1, and capsid assembly.
  J Virol, 74, 1840-1853.  
10525531 A.A.Titov, and G.Blobel (1999).
The karyopherin Kap122p/Pdr6p imports both subunits of the transcription factor IIA into the nucleus.
  J Cell Biol, 147, 235-246.  
10611964 A.Kaffman, and E.K.O'Shea (1999).
Regulation of nuclear localization: a key to a door.
  Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 15, 291-339.  
10497201 A.Somasekaram, A.Jarmuz, A.How, J.Scott, and N.Navaratnam (1999).
Intracellular localization of human cytidine deaminase. Identification of a functional nuclear localization signal.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 28405-28412.  
10378263 B.Kobe, T.Gleichmann, J.Horne, I.G.Jennings, P.D.Scotney, and T.Teh (1999).
Turn up the HEAT.
  Structure, 7, R91-R97.  
10611974 D.Görlich, and U.Kutay (1999).
Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm.
  Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 15, 607-660.  
10428972 D.Jullien, D.Görlich, U.K.Laemmli, and Y.Adachi (1999).
Nuclear import of RPA in Xenopus egg extracts requires a novel protein XRIPalpha but not importin alpha.
  EMBO J, 18, 4348-4358.  
  9891056 D.Palmeri, and M.H.Malim (1999).
Importin beta can mediate the nuclear import of an arginine-rich nuclear localization signal in the absence of importin alpha.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 1218-1225.  
10367892 I.R.Vetter, A.Arndt, U.Kutay, D.Görlich, and A.Wittinghofer (1999).
Structural view of the Ran-Importin beta interaction at 2.3 A resolution.
  Cell, 97, 635-646.
PDB code: 1ibr
10228171 J.Katahira, K.Strässer, A.Podtelejnikov, M.Mann, J.U.Jung, and E.Hurt (1999).
The Mex67p-mediated nuclear mRNA export pathway is conserved from yeast to human.
  EMBO J, 18, 2593-2609.  
10542277 J.W.Booth, K.D.Belanger, M.I.Sannella, and L.I.Davis (1999).
The yeast nucleoporin Nup2p is involved in nuclear export of importin alpha/Srp1p.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 32360-32367.  
  10567565 K.Welch, J.Franke, M.Köhler, and I.G.Macara (1999).
RanBP3 contains an unusual nuclear localization signal that is imported preferentially by importin-alpha3.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 8400-8411.  
9889120 L.Englmeier, J.C.Olivo, and I.W.Mattaj (1999).
Receptor-mediated substrate translocation through the nuclear pore complex without nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis.
  Curr Biol, 9, 30-41.  
10445030 L.M.Rice, and A.T.Brunger (1999).
Crystal structure of the vesicular transport protein Sec17: implications for SNAP function in SNARE complex disassembly.
  Mol Cell, 4, 85-95.
PDB code: 1qqe
  10330189 M.G.Prieve, and M.L.Waterman (1999).
Nuclear localization and formation of beta-catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor 1 complexes are not sufficient for activation of gene expression.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 4503-4515.  
  10523667 M.Köhler, C.Speck, M.Christiansen, F.R.Bischoff, S.Prehn, H.Haller, D.Görlich, and E.Hartmann (1999).
Evidence for distinct substrate specificities of importin alpha family members in nuclear protein import.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 7782-7791.  
10361086 M.R.Groves, and D.Barford (1999).
Topological characteristics of helical repeat proteins.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 9, 383-389.  
9989501 M.R.Groves, N.Hanlon, P.Turowski, B.A.Hemmings, and D.Barford (1999).
The structure of the protein phosphatase 2A PR65/A subunit reveals the conformation of its 15 tandemly repeated HEAT motifs.
  Cell, 96, 99.
PDB code: 1b3u
10206153 M.W.Klymkowsky (1999).
Plakophilin, armadillo repeats, and nuclear localization.
  Microsc Res Tech, 45, 43-54.  
10526236 N.Yamamoto, and X.W.Deng (1999).
Protein nucleocytoplasmic transport and its light regulation in plants.
  Genes Cells, 4, 489-500.  
10368277 P.Cramer, and C.W.Müller (1999).
A firm hand on NFkappaB: structures of the IkappaBalpha-NFkappaB complex.
  Structure, 7, R1-R6.  
10514485 R.M.Barton, and H.J.Worman (1999).
Prenylated prelamin A interacts with Narf, a novel nuclear protein.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 30008-30018.  
  9891055 R.Truant, and B.R.Cullen (1999).
The arginine-rich domains present in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat and Rev function as direct importin beta-dependent nuclear localization signals.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 1210-1217.  
10542253 R.Truant, Y.Kang, and B.R.Cullen (1999).
The human tap nuclear RNA export factor contains a novel transportin-dependent nuclear localization signal that lacks nuclear export signal function.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 32167-32171.  
10557268 S.Bressanelli, L.Tomei, A.Roussel, I.Incitti, R.L.Vitale, M.Mathieu, R.De Francesco, and F.A.Rey (1999).
Crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 13034-13039.
PDB code: 1csj
10508790 S.J.Gamblin, and S.J.Smerdon (1999).
Nuclear transport: what a kary-on!
  Structure, 7, R199-R204.  
10614818 T.C.Dockendorff, Z.Tang, and T.A.Jongens (1999).
Cloning of karyopherin-alpha3 from Drosophila through its interaction with the nuclear localization sequence of germ cell-less protein.
  Biol Chem, 380, 1263-1272.  
11232330 T.Huxford, S.Malek, and G.Ghosh (1999).
Structure and mechanism in NF-kappa B/I kappa B signaling.
  Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 64, 533-540.  
10559238 T.Michigami, A.Suga, M.Yamazaki, C.Shimizu, G.Cai, S.Okada, and K.Ozono (1999).
Identification of amino acid sequence in the hinge region of human vitamin D receptor that transfers a cytosolic protein to the nucleus.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 33531-33538.  
  10422829 W.R.Patterson, D.H.Anderson, W.F.DeGrado, D.Cascio, and D.Eisenberg (1999).
Centrosymmetric bilayers in the 0.75 A resolution structure of a designed alpha-helical peptide, D,L-Alpha-1.
  Protein Sci, 8, 1410-1422.
PDB code: 3al1
10490335 Y.M.Chook, G.Cingolani, E.Conti, M.Stewart, I.Vetter, and A.Wittinghofer (1999).
Pictures in cell biology. Structures of nuclear-transport components.
  Trends Cell Biol, 9, 310-311.  
10698256 Y.Yoneda, M.Hieda, E.Nagoshi, and Y.Miyamoto (1999).
Nucleocytoplasmic protein transport and recycling of Ran.
  Cell Struct Funct, 24, 425-433.  
9786944 A.Herold, R.Truant, H.Wiegand, and B.R.Cullen (1998).
Determination of the functional domain organization of the importin alpha nuclear import factor.
  J Cell Biol, 143, 309-318.  
9889096 C.Dingwall, and R.A.Laskey (1998).
Nuclear import: a tale of two sites.
  Curr Biol, 8, R922-R924.  
9827808 E.ter Haar, A.Musacchio, S.C.Harrison, and T.Kirchhausen (1998).
Atomic structure of clathrin: a beta propeller terminal domain joins an alpha zigzag linker.
  Cell, 95, 563-573.
PDB code: 1bpo
9857050 J.K.Hood, and P.A.Silver (1998).
Cse1p is required for export of Srp1p/importin-alpha from the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  J Biol Chem, 273, 35142-35146.  
9817748 J.S.Rosenblum, L.F.Pemberton, N.Bonifaci, and G.Blobel (1998).
Nuclear import and the evolution of a multifunctional RNA-binding protein.
  J Cell Biol, 143, 887-899.  
9852143 M.Albertini, L.F.Pemberton, J.S.Rosenblum, and G.Blobel (1998).
A novel nuclear import pathway for the transcription factor TFIIS.
  J Cell Biol, 143, 1447-1455.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB code is shown on the right.

 

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