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PDBsum entry 1apl
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protein dna_rna links
DNA binding protein/DNA PDB id
1apl

 

 

 

 

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Contents
Protein chains
59 a.a. *
DNA/RNA
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1apl
Name: DNA binding protein/DNA
Title: Crystal structure of a mat-alpha2 homeodomain-operator complex suggests a general model for homeodomain-DNA interactions
Structure: DNA (5'- d( Ap Cp Ap Tp Gp Tp Ap Ap Tp Tp Cp Ap Tp Tp Tp Ap C p Ap Cp Gp C)- 3'). Chain: a. Engineered: yes. DNA (5'- d( Tp Gp Cp Gp Tp Gp Tp Ap Ap Ap Tp Gp Ap Ap Tp Tp A p Cp Ap Tp G)- 3'). Chain: b.
Source: Synthetic: yes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Baker's yeast. Organism_taxid: 4932. Gene: mat alpha2 res. 128-210. Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562.
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
2.70Å     R-factor:   0.226    
Authors: C.Wolberger,A.K.Vershon,B.Liu,A.D.Johnson,C.O.Pabo
Key ref: C.Wolberger et al. (1991). Crystal structure of a MAT alpha 2 homeodomain-operator complex suggests a general model for homeodomain-DNA interactions. Cell, 67, 517-528. PubMed id: 1682054
Date:
04-Oct-93     Release date:   21-Oct-93    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P0CY08  (MTAL2_YEAST) -  Mating-type protein ALPHA2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c)
Seq:
Struc: 		210 a.a.
59 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

DNA/RNA chains
  A-C-A-T-G-T-A-A-T-T-C-A-T-T-T-A-C-A-C-G-C 21 bases
  T-G-C-G-T-G-T-A-A-A-T-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-A-T-G 21 bases

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class: E.C.?
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]

 

 
Cell 67:517-528 (1991)
PubMed id: 1682054  
 
 
Crystal structure of a MAT alpha 2 homeodomain-operator complex suggests a general model for homeodomain-DNA interactions.
C.Wolberger, A.K.Vershon, B.Liu, A.D.Johnson, C.O.Pabo.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
The MAT alpha 2 homeodomain regulates the expression of cell type-specific genes in yeast. We have determined the 2.7 A resolution crystal structure of the alpha 2 homeodomain bound to a biologically relevant DNA sequence. The DNA in this complex is contacted primarily by the third of three alpha-helices, with additional contacts coming from an N-terminal arm. Comparison of the yeast alpha 2 and the Drosophila engrailed homeodomain-DNA complexes shows that the protein fold is highly conserved, despite a 3-residue insertion in alpha 2 and only 27% sequence identity between the two homeodomains. Moreover, the orientation of the recognition helix on the DNA is also conserved. This docking arrangement is maintained by side chain contacts with the DNA--primarily the sugar-phosphate backbone--that are identical in alpha 2 and engrailed. Since these residues are conserved among all homeodomains, we propose that the contacts with the DNA are also conserved and suggest a general model for homeodomain-DNA interactions.
 

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21071403 P.L.Privalov, A.I.Dragan, and C.Crane-Robinson (2011).
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Systematic characterization of protein-DNA interactions.
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Autoregulatory binding sites in the zebrafish six3a promoter region define a new recognition sequence for Six3 proteins.
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20389279 K.Miyazono, Y.Zhi, Y.Takamura, K.Nagata, K.Saigo, T.Kojima, and M.Tanokura (2010).
Cooperative DNA-binding and sequence-recognition mechanism of aristaless and clawless.
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PDB codes: 3a01 3a02 3a03 3lnq
20334529 R.Rohs, X.Jin, S.M.West, R.Joshi, B.Honig, and R.S.Mann (2010).
Origins of specificity in protein-DNA recognition.
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19446532 A.Shen, D.E.Higgins, and D.Panne (2009).
Recognition of AT-rich DNA binding sites by the MogR repressor.
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PDB code: 3fdq
  20157477 R.T.Moreland, J.F.Ryan, C.Pan, and A.D.Baxevanis (2009).
The Homeodomain Resource: a comprehensive collection of sequence, structure, interaction, genomic and functional information on the homeodomain protein family.
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18585360 M.B.Noyes, R.G.Christensen, A.Wakabayashi, G.D.Stormo, M.H.Brodsky, and S.A.Wolfe (2008).
Analysis of homeodomain specificities allows the family-wide prediction of preferred recognition sites.
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17233795 L.S.Tran, K.Nakashima, Y.Sakuma, Y.Osakabe, F.Qin, S.D.Simpson, K.Maruyama, Y.Fujita, K.Shinozaki, and K.Yamaguchi-Shinozaki (2007).
Co-expression of the stress-inducible zinc finger homeodomain ZFHD1 and NAC transcription factors enhances expression of the ERD1 gene in Arabidopsis.
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17158732 M.Martchenko, A.Levitin, and M.Whiteway (2007).
Transcriptional activation domains of the Candida albicans Gcn4p and Gal4p homologs.
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17981120 R.Joshi, J.M.Passner, R.Rohs, R.Jain, A.Sosinsky, M.A.Crickmore, V.Jacob, A.K.Aggarwal, B.Honig, and R.S.Mann (2007).
Functional specificity of a Hox protein mediated by the recognition of minor groove structure.
  Cell, 131, 530-543.
PDB codes: 2r5y 2r5z
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Decoding transcriptional regulatory interactions.
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15869395 A.Sarai, and H.Kono (2005).
Protein-DNA recognition patterns and predictions.
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16212549 F.Zhu, Z.C.Liu, W.X.Li, and X.L.Xu (2005).
Rapid identification of Quox-1 homeodomain DNA-binding sequence using SAAB.
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16032701 J.J.Roth, M.Breitenbach, and G.P.Wagner (2005).
Repressor domain and nuclear localization signal of the murine Hoxa-11 protein are located in the homeodomain: no evidence for role of poly alanine stretches in transcriptional repression.
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15931687 K.U.Schneider, A.Marchini, N.Sabherwal, R.Röth, B.Niesler, T.Marttila, R.J.Blaschke, M.Lawson, M.Dumic, and G.Rappold (2005).
Alteration of DNA binding, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of SHOX homeodomain mutations identified in idiopathic short stature and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis.
  Hum Mutat, 26, 44-52.  
15634343 M.F.Tioni, I.L.Viola, R.L.Chan, and D.H.Gonzalez (2005).
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15837198 M.S.Yousef, and B.W.Matthews (2005).
Structural basis of Prospero-DNA interaction: implications for transcription regulation in developing cells.
  Structure, 13, 601-607.
PDB code: 1xpx
15388867 R.Schleif, and C.Wolberger (2004).
Arm-domain interactions can provide high binding cooperativity.
  Protein Sci, 13, 2829-2831.  
15082777 U.Vijapurkar, N.Fischbach, W.Shen, C.Brandts, D.Stokoe, H.J.Lawrence, and C.Largman (2004).
Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of the leukemia-associated HOXA9 protein impairs its DNA binding ability and induces myeloid differentiation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 24, 3827-3837.  
15331021 V.H.Nagaraj, R.A.O'Flanagan, A.R.Bruning, J.R.Mathias, A.K.Vershon, and A.M.Sengupta (2004).
Combined analysis of expression data and transcription factor binding sites in the yeast genome.
  BMC Genomics, 5, 59.  
14754886 Y.Hashimoto, O.Tsuji, K.Kanekura, S.Aiso, T.Niikura, M.Matsuoka, and I.Nishimoto (2004).
The Gtx homeodomain transcription factor exerts neuroprotection using its homeodomain.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 16767-16777.  
12538894 A.Ke, and C.Wolberger (2003).
Insights into binding cooperativity of MATa1/MATalpha2 from the crystal structure of a MATa1 homeodomain-maltose binding protein chimera.
  Protein Sci, 12, 306-312.
PDB codes: 1mh3 1mh4
12784213 J.Aishima, and C.Wolberger (2003).
Insights into nonspecific binding of homeodomains from a structure of MATalpha2 bound to DNA.
  Proteins, 51, 544-551.  
14580198 K.J.Hwang, B.Xiang, J.M.Gruschus, K.Y.Nam, K.T.No, M.Nirenberg, and J.A.Ferretti (2003).
Distortion of the three-dimensional structure of the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain bound to DNA induced by an embryonically lethal A35T point mutation.
  Biochemistry, 42, 12522-12531.
PDB code: 1qry
12520008 S.Banerjee-Basu, T.Moreland, B.J.Hsu, K.L.Trout, and A.D.Baxevanis (2003).
The Homeodomain Resource: 2003 update.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 31, 304-306.  
12529405 X.Bi, A.V.Kajava, T.Jones, Z.N.Demidenko, and M.A.Mortin (2003).
The carboxy terminus of Prospero regulates its subcellular localization.
  Mol Cell Biol, 23, 1014-1024.  
12093803 A.E.Tron, C.W.Bertoncini, R.L.Chan, and D.H.Gonzalez (2002).
Redox regulation of plant homeodomain transcription factors.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 34800-34807.  
12121651 A.Ke, J.R.Mathias, A.K.Vershon, and C.Wolberger (2002).
Structural and thermodynamic characterization of the DNA binding properties of a triple alanine mutant of MATalpha2.
  Structure, 10, 961-971.
PDB code: 1le8
12297045 F.Chen, H.Kook, R.Milewski, A.D.Gitler, M.M.Lu, J.Li, R.Nazarian, R.Schnepp, K.Jen, C.Biben, G.Runke, J.P.Mackay, J.Novotny, R.J.Schwartz, R.P.Harvey, M.C.Mullins, and J.A.Epstein (2002).
Hop is an unusual homeobox gene that modulates cardiac development.
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12466549 J.Aishima, R.K.Gitti, J.E.Noah, H.H.Gan, T.Schlick, and C.Wolberger (2002).
A Hoogsteen base pair embedded in undistorted B-DNA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 30, 5244-5252.
PDB code: 1k61
12429095 J.M.Ryter, C.Q.Doe, and B.W.Matthews (2002).
Structure of the DNA binding region of prospero reveals a novel homeo-prospero domain.
  Structure, 10, 1541-1549.
PDB code: 1mij
12354778 L.Mohrmann, A.J.Kal, and C.P.Verrijzer (2002).
Characterization of the extended Myb-like DNA-binding domain of trithorax group protein Zeste.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 47385-47392.  
12029082 R.Sabatini, N.Meeuwenoord, J.H.van Boom, and P.Borst (2002).
Site-specific interactions of JBP with base and sugar moieties in duplex J-DNA. Evidence for both major and minor groove contacts.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 28150-28156.  
  12186638 S.Banerjee-Basu, and A.D.Baxevanis (2002).
The DNA-binding region of RAG 1 is not a homeodomain.
  Genome Biol, 3, INTERACTIONS1004.  
11726696 A.E.Tron, C.W.Bertoncini, C.M.Palena, R.L.Chan, and D.H.Gonzalez (2001).
Combinatorial interactions of two amino acids with a single base pair define target site specificity in plant dimeric homeodomain proteins.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 29, 4866-4872.  
11668629 A.V.D'Elia, G.Tell, I.Paron, L.Pellizzari, R.Lonigro, and G.Damante (2001).
Missense mutations of human homeoboxes: A review.
  Hum Mutat, 18, 361-374.  
11391564 G.Iurcu-Mustata, D.Van Belle, R.Wintjens, M.Prévost, and M.Rooman (2001).
Role of salt bridges in homeodomains investigated by structural analyses and molecular dynamics simulations.
  Biopolymers, 59, 145-159.  
11297428 H.Matsuno, K.Niikura, and Y.Okahata (2001).
Design and characterization of asparagine- and lysine-containing alanine-based helical peptides that bind selectively to A.T base pairs of oligonucleotides immobilized on a 27 mhz quartz crystal microbalance.
  Biochemistry, 40, 3615-3622.  
11478881 L.Zhu, J.Hu, D.Lin, R.Whitson, K.Itakura, and Y.Chen (2001).
Dynamics of the Mrf-2 DNA-binding domain free and in complex with DNA.
  Biochemistry, 40, 9142-9150.  
11470884 S.Banerjee-Basu, and A.D.Baxevanis (2001).
Molecular evolution of the homeodomain family of transcription factors.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 29, 3258-3269.  
11125116 S.Banerjee-Basu, D.W.Sink, and A.D.Baxevanis (2001).
The Homeodomain Resource: sequences, structures, DNA binding sites and genomic information.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 29, 291-293.  
11738049 T.Nishikawa, H.Okamura, A.Nagadoi, P.König, D.Rhodes, and Y.Nishimura (2001).
Solution structure of a telomeric DNA complex of human TRF1.
  Structure, 9, 1237-1251.
PDB codes: 1ity 1iv6
10839976 F.R.Goodman, C.Bacchelli, A.F.Brady, L.A.Brueton, J.P.Fryns, D.P.Mortlock, J.W.Innis, L.B.Holmes, A.E.Donnenfeld, M.Feingold, F.A.Beemer, R.C.Hennekam, and P.J.Scambler (2000).
Novel HOXA13 mutations and the phenotypic spectrum of hand-foot-genital syndrome.
  Am J Hum Genet, 67, 197-202.  
11080623 L.Jen-Jacobson, L.E.Engler, and L.A.Jacobson (2000).
Structural and thermodynamic strategies for site-specific DNA binding proteins.
  Structure, 8, 1015-1023.  
10759558 R.L.Smith, and A.D.Johnson (2000).
A sequence resembling a peroxisomal targeting sequence directs the interaction between the tetratricopeptide repeats of Ssn6 and the homeodomain of alpha 2.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 3901-3906.  
10592263 S.Banerjee-Basu, J.F.Ryan, and A.D.Baxevanis (2000).
The homeodomain resource: a prototype database for a large protein family.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 28, 329-330.  
11018127 T.F.de Koning-Ward, C.J.Janse, and A.P.Waters (2000).
The development of genetic tools for dissecting the biology of malaria parasites.
  Annu Rev Microbiol, 54, 157-185.  
11003663 V.Dave, C.Zhao, F.Yang, C.S.Tung, and J.Ma (2000).
Reprogrammable recognition codes in bicoid homeodomain-DNA interaction.
  Mol Cell Biol, 20, 7673-7684.  
10410794 C.Wolberger (1999).
Multiprotein-DNA complexes in transcriptional regulation.
  Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 28, 29-56.  
10052460 D.E.Piper, A.H.Batchelor, C.P.Chang, M.L.Cleary, and C.Wolberger (1999).
Structure of a HoxB1-Pbx1 heterodimer bound to DNA: role of the hexapeptide and a fourth homeodomain helix in complex formation.
  Cell, 96, 587-597.
PDB code: 1b72
10673033 H.C.Seo, F.Nilsen, and A.Fjose (1999).
Three structurally and functionally conserved Hlx genes in zebrafish.
  Biochim Biophys Acta, 1489, 323-335.  
  10398683 H.D.Ryoo, and R.S.Mann (1999).
The control of trunk Hox specificity and activity by Extradenticle.
  Genes Dev, 13, 1704-1716.  
  10346815 H.E.Xu, M.A.Rould, W.Xu, J.A.Epstein, R.L.Maas, and C.O.Pabo (1999).
Crystal structure of the human Pax6 paired domain-DNA complex reveals specific roles for the linker region and carboxy-terminal subdomain in DNA binding.
  Genes Dev, 13, 1263-1275.
PDB code: 6pax
10090291 H.Kono, and A.Sarai (1999).
Structure-based prediction of DNA target sites by regulatory proteins.
  Proteins, 35, 114-131.  
10096079 I.Nikolaev, M.F.Cochet, F.Lenouvel, and B.Felenbok (1999).
A single amino acid, outside the AlcR zinc binuclear cluster, is involved in DNA binding and in transcriptional regulation of the alc genes in Aspergillus nidulans.
  Mol Microbiol, 31, 1115-1124.  
  9891033 K.J.Dechering, A.M.Kaan, W.Mbacham, D.F.Wirth, W.Eling, R.N.Konings, and H.G.Stunnenberg (1999).
Isolation and functional characterization of two distinct sexual-stage-specific promoters of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 967-978.  
  10523646 K.Shanmugam, N.C.Green, I.Rambaldi, H.U.Saragovi, and M.S.Featherstone (1999).
PBX and MEIS as non-DNA-binding partners in trimeric complexes with HOX proteins.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 7577-7588.  
10075932 M.R.Stark, D.Escher, and A.D.Johnson (1999).
A trans-acting peptide activates the yeast a1 repressor by raising its DNA-binding affinity.
  EMBO J, 18, 1621-1629.  
10502778 S.Banerjee-Basu, and A.D.Baxevanis (1999).
Threading analysis of the Pitx2 homeodomain: predicted structural effects of mutations causing Rieger syndrome and iridogoniodysgenesis.
  Hum Mutat, 14, 312-319.  
  10082571 T.Kophengnavong, A.S.Carroll, and T.K.Blackwell (1999).
The SKN-1 amino-terminal arm is a DNA specificity segment.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 3039-3050.  
  9858582 Y.Jin, H.Zhong, and A.K.Vershon (1999).
The yeast a1 and alpha2 homeodomain proteins do not contribute equally to heterodimeric DNA binding.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 585-593.  
9844025 A.Sundås-Larsson, M.Svenson, H.Liao, and P.Engström (1998).
A homeobox gene with potential developmental control function in the meristem of the conifer Picea abies.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 15118-15122.  
9636163 B.Xiang, S.Weiler, M.Nirenberg, and J.A.Ferretti (1998).
Structural basis of an embryonically lethal single Ala --> Thr mutation in the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 7412-7416.  
9794820 C.Wolberger (1998).
Combinatorial transcription factors.
  Curr Opin Genet Dev, 8, 552-559.  
9860945 H.Rozenberg, D.Rabinovich, F.Frolow, R.S.Hegde, and Z.Shakked (1998).
Structural code for DNA recognition revealed in crystal structures of papillomavirus E2-DNA targets.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 15194-15199.
PDB codes: 423d 424d 425d
9565750 J.P.Schneider, A.Lombardi, and W.F.DeGrado (1998).
Analysis and design of three-stranded coiled coils and three-helix bundles.
  Fold Des, 3, R29-R40.  
9788911 J.Woda, B.Schneider, K.Patel, K.Mistry, and H.M.Berman (1998).
An analysis of the relationship between hydration and protein-DNA interactions.
  Biophys J, 75, 2170-2177.  
9881151 M.Hertzberg, and O.Olsson (1998).
Molecular characterisation of a novel plant homeobox gene expressed in the maturing xylem zone of Populus tremula x tremuloides.
  Plant J, 16, 285-295.  
9628487 P.B.Rupert, G.W.Daughdrill, B.Bowerman, and B.W.Matthews (1998).
A new DNA-binding motif in the Skn-1 binding domain-DNA complex.
  Nat Struct Biol, 5, 484-491.
PDB code: 1skn
9518483 R.E.Dickerson (1998).
DNA bending: the prevalence of kinkiness and the virtues of normality.
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9556579 S.Weiler, J.M.Gruschus, D.H.Tsao, L.Yu, L.H.Wang, M.Nirenberg, and J.A.Ferretti (1998).
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The mating-type proteins of fission yeast induce meiosis by directly activating mei3 transcription.
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9706693 Y.Lan, M.Fujioka, R.Polsgrove, P.Miskiewicz, D.Morrissey, T.Goto, and M.Weir (1998).
Plasticity of Drosophila paired function.
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  Genes Dev, 11, 2227-2238.  
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Point mutations within and outside the homeodomain identify sequences required for proboscipedia homeotic function in Drosophila.
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9122247 F.S.Jones, C.Kioussi, D.W.Copertino, P.Kallunki, B.D.Holst, and G.M.Edelman (1997).
Barx2, a new homeobox gene of the Bar class, is expressed in neural and craniofacial structures during development.
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9391098 G.Bharathan, B.J.Janssen, E.A.Kellogg, and N.Sinha (1997).
Did homeodomain proteins duplicate before the origin of angiosperms, fungi, and metazoa?
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9241421 G.Patikoglou, and S.K.Burley (1997).
Eukaryotic transcription factor-DNA complexes.
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Homology modeling using simulated annealing of restrained molecular dynamics and conformational search calculations with CONGEN: application in predicting the three-dimensional structure of murine homeodomain Msx-1.
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9079665 H.Zhong, and A.K.Vershon (1997).
The yeast homeodomain protein MATalpha2 shows extended DNA binding specificity in complex with Mcm1.
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Protein and DNA contact surfaces that mediate the selective action of the Phox1 homeodomain at the c-fos serum response element.
  Mol Cell Biol, 17, 6653-6662.  
9309220 L.Tucker-Kellogg, M.A.Rould, K.A.Chambers, S.E.Ades, R.T.Sauer, and C.O.Pabo (1997).
Engrailed (Gln50-->Lys) homeodomain-DNA complex at 1.9 A resolution: structural basis for enhanced affinity and altered specificity.
  Structure, 5, 1047-1054.
PDB code: 2hdd
9365251 M.C.Justice, B.P.Hogan, and A.K.Vershon (1997).
Homeodomain-DNA interactions of the Pho2 protein are promoter-dependent.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 25, 4730-4739.  
9056723 P.Callaerts, G.Halder, and W.J.Gehring (1997).
PAX-6 in development and evolution.
  Annu Rev Neurosci, 20, 483-532.  
9782776 R.E.Dickerson, and T.K.Chiu (1997).
Helix bending as a factor in protein/DNA recognition.
  Biopolymers, 44, 361-403.  
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DNA-binding specificity of Mcm1: operator mutations that alter DNA-bending and transcriptional activities by a MADS box protein.
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9336443 T.R.Bürglin (1997).
Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals.
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9032060 Y.Choo, and A.Klug (1997).
Physical basis of a protein-DNA recognition code.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 7, 117-125.  
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Protein interactions of homeodomain proteins.
  Curr Opin Biotechnol, 7, 392-396.  
8702862 A.Zhu, and M.A.Kuziora (1996).
Homeodomain interaction with the beta subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIE.
  J Biol Chem, 271, 20993-20996.  
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ZmHox: a novel class of maize homeobox genes.
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  8657149 C.P.Chang, L.Brocchieri, W.F.Shen, C.Largman, and M.L.Cleary (1996).
Pbx modulation of Hox homeodomain amino-terminal arms establishes different DNA-binding specificities across the Hox locus.
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8696974 C.Wolberger (1996).
Homeodomain interactions.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 6, 62-68.  
  8887666 C.Y.Chen, and R.J.Schwartz (1996).
Recruitment of the tinman homolog Nkx-2.5 by serum response factor activates cardiac alpha-actin gene transcription.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 6372-6384.  
9000009 D.A.Erlanson, M.Chytil, and G.L.Verdine (1996).
The leucine zipper domain controls the orientation of AP-1 in the NFAT.AP-1.DNA complex.
  Chem Biol, 3, 981-991.  
8811078 D.Fabbro, G.Tell, A.Leonardi, L.Pellizzari, C.Pucillo, R.Lonigro, S.Formisano, and G.Damante (1996).
In the TTF-1 homeodomain the contribution of several amino acids to DNA recognition depends on the bound sequence.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 24, 3283-3288.  
8692913 D.S.Wilson, G.Sheng, S.Jun, and C.Desplan (1996).
Conservation and diversification in homeodomain-DNA interactions: a comparative genetic analysis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 6886-6891.  
8702955 D.Yuan, X.Ma, and J.Ma (1996).
Sequences outside the homeodomain of bicoid are required for protein-protein interaction.
  J Biol Chem, 271, 21660-21665.  
8986770 E.E.Turner (1996).
Similar DNA recognition properties of alternatively spliced Drosophila POU factors.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 15097-15101.  
  8890172 G.Damante, L.Pellizzari, G.Esposito, F.Fogolari, P.Viglino, D.Fabbro, G.Tell, S.Formisano, and R.Di Lauro (1996).
A molecular code dictates sequence-specific DNA recognition by homeodomains.
  EMBO J, 15, 4992-5000.  
8898894 G.Esposito, F.Fogolari, G.Damante, S.Formisano, G.Tell, A.Leonardi, R.Di Lauro, and P.Viglino (1996).
Analysis of the solution structure of the homeodomain of rat thyroid transcription factor 1 by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular mechanics.
  Eur J Biochem, 241, 101-113.
PDB code: 1ftt
  8628280 J.Mead, H.Zhong, T.B.Acton, and A.K.Vershon (1996).
The yeast alpha2 and Mcm1 proteins interact through a region similar to a motif found in homeodomain proteins of higher eukaryotes.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 2135-2143.  
  8844850 L.J.Donald, I.V.Chernushevich, J.Zhou, A.Verentchikov, N.Poppe-Schriemer, D.J.Hosfield, J.B.Westmore, W.Ens, H.W.Duckworth, and K.G.Standing (1996).
Preparation and properties of pure, full-length IclR protein of Escherichia coli. Use of time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the problems encountered.
  Protein Sci, 5, 1613-1624.  
8616227 L.Meisel, and E.Lam (1996).
The conserved ELK-homeodomain of KNOTTED-1 contains two regions that signal nuclear localization.
  Plant Mol Biol, 30, 1.  
8882492 M.Friedman-Einat, P.Einat, M.Snyder, and F.Ruddle (1996).
Target gene identification: target specific transcriptional activation by three murine homeodomain/VP16 hybrid proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  J Exp Zool, 274, 145-156.  
8620531 P.Konig, R.Giraldo, L.Chapman, and D.Rhodes (1996).
The crystal structure of the DNA-binding domain of yeast RAP1 in complex with telomeric DNA.
  Cell, 85, 125-136.
PDB code: 1ign
8710498 P.S.Knoepfler, Q.Lu, and M.P.Kamps (1996).
Pbx-1 Hox heterodimers bind DNA on inseparable half-sites that permit intrinsic DNA binding specificity of the Hox partner at nucleotides 3' to a TAAT motif.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 24, 2288-2294.  
  8657138 Q.Lu, and M.P.Kamps (1996).
Structural determinants within Pbx1 that mediate cooperative DNA binding with pentapeptide-containing Hox proteins: proposal for a model of a Pbx1-Hox-DNA complex.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 1632-1640.  
  8665855 S.K.Chan, H.Pöpperl, R.Krumlauf, and R.S.Mann (1996).
An extradenticle-induced conformational change in a HOX protein overcomes an inhibitory function of the conserved hexapeptide motif.
  EMBO J, 15, 2476-2487.  
8643557 S.K.Chan, and R.S.Mann (1996).
A structural model for a homeotic protein-extradenticle-DNA complex accounts for the choice of HOX protein in the heterodimer.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 5223-5228.  
8943030 T.E.Haerry, and W.J.Gehring (1996).
Intron of the mouse Hoxa-7 gene contains conserved homeodomain binding sites that can function as an enhancer element in Drosophila.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 13884-13889.  
8600458 W.F.Shen, C.P.Chang, S.Rozenfeld, G.Sauvageau, R.K.Humphries, M.Lu, H.J.Lawrence, M.L.Cleary, and C.Largman (1996).
Hox homeodomain proteins exhibit selective complex stabilities with Pbx and DNA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 24, 898-906.  
8664541 A.D.Johnson (1995).
Molecular mechanisms of cell-type determination in budding yeast.
  Curr Opin Genet Dev, 5, 552-558.  
  7825605 A.K.Lalwani, J.R.Brister, J.Fex, K.M.Grundfast, B.Ploplis, T.B.San Agustin, and E.R.Wilcox (1995).
Further elucidation of the genomic structure of PAX3, and identification of two different point mutations within the PAX3 homeobox that cause Waardenburg syndrome type 1 in two families.
  Am J Hum Genet, 56, 75-83.  
7659525 A.S.Kimball, M.L.Kimball, M.Jayaram, and T.D.Tullius (1995).
Chemical probe and missing nucleoside analysis of Flp recombinase bound to the recombination target sequence.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 3009-3017.  
8532535 B.J.Reardon, D.Gordon, M.J.Ballard, and E.Winter (1995).
DNA binding properties of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAT1 gene product.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 4900-4906.  
  8563624 C.Q.Pan, R.Landgraf, and D.S.Sigman (1995).
Drosophila engrailed-1,10-phenanthroline chimeras as probes of homeodomain-DNA complexes.
  Protein Sci, 4, 2279-2288.  
7797561 C.Y.Chen, and R.J.Schwartz (1995).
Identification of novel DNA binding targets and regulatory domains of a murine tinman homeodomain factor, nkx-2.5.
  J Biol Chem, 270, 15628-15633.  
7739902 D.L.Smith, A.B.Desai, and A.D.Johnson (1995).
DNA bending by the a1 and alpha 2 homeodomain proteins from yeast.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 1239-1243.  
7671301 D.S.Wilson, B.Guenther, C.Desplan, and J.Kuriyan (1995).
High resolution crystal structure of a paired (Pax) class cooperative homeodomain dimer on DNA.
  Cell, 82, 709-719.
PDB code: 1fjl
7664107 D.Stanojevic, and G.L.Verdine (1995).
Deconstruction of GCN4/GCRE into a monomeric peptide-DNA complex.
  Nat Struct Biol, 2, 450-457.  
  7613470 E.H.Morita, M.Shirakawa, F.Hayashi, M.Imagawa, and Y.Kyogoku (1995).
Structure of the Oct-3 POU-homeodomain in solution, as determined by triple resonance heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy.
  Protein Sci, 4, 729-739.
PDB code: 1ocp
  7862151 G.V.Benson, T.H.Nguyen, and R.L.Maas (1995).
The expression pattern of the murine Hoxa-10 gene and the sequence recognition of its homeodomain reveal specific properties of Abdominal B-like genes.
  Mol Cell Biol, 15, 1591-1601.  
7784431 J.A.Hirsch, and A.K.Aggarwal (1995).
Purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of even-skipped homeodomain complexed to DNA.
  Proteins, 21, 268-271.  
  8557047 J.A.Hirsch, and A.K.Aggarwal (1995).
Structure of the even-skipped homeodomain complexed to AT-rich DNA: new perspectives on homeodomain specificity.
  EMBO J, 14, 6280-6291.
PDB code: 1jgg
7568211 J.L.Pomerantz, C.O.Pabo, and P.A.Sharp (1995).
Analysis of homeodomain function by structure-based design of a transcription factor.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92, 9752-9756.  
7744853 M.I.Arnone, M.Zannini, and R.Di Lauro (1995).
The DNA binding activity and the dimerization ability of the thyroid transcription factor I are redox regulated.
  J Biol Chem, 270, 12048-12055.  
  7623795 M.L.Phelan, I.Rambaldi, and M.S.Featherstone (1995).
Cooperative interactions between HOX and PBX proteins mediated by a conserved peptide motif.
  Mol Cell Biol, 15, 3989-3997.  
7582955 M.Okagami, M.Ueno, K.Makino, M.Shimomura, I.Saito, T.Morii, and Y.Sugiura (1995).
Sequence-specific DNA binding by covalently constrained peptide dimers of the basic leucine zipper protein GCN4.
  Bioorg Med Chem, 3, 777-784.  
8749848 M.Suzuki, and M.Gerstein (1995).
Binding geometry of alpha-helices that recognize DNA.
  Proteins, 23, 525-535.  
  8563623 N.D.Clarke (1995).
Covariation of residues in the homeodomain sequence family.
  Protein Sci, 4, 2269-2278.  
  7565734 P.S.Knoepfler, and M.P.Kamps (1995).
The pentapeptide motif of Hox proteins is required for cooperative DNA binding with Pbx1, physically contacts Pbx1, and enhances DNA binding by Pbx1.
  Mol Cell Biol, 15, 5811-5819.  
  7791786 Q.Lu, P.S.Knoepfler, J.Scheele, D.D.Wright, and M.P.Kamps (1995).
Both Pbx1 and E2A-Pbx1 bind the DNA motif ATCAATCAA cooperatively with the products of multiple murine Hox genes, some of which are themselves oncogenes.
  Mol Cell Biol, 15, 3786-3795.  
7487967 R.S.Mann (1995).
The specificity of homeotic gene function.
  Bioessays, 17, 855-863.  
  7565750 S.Natesan, and M.Gilman (1995).
YY1 facilitates the association of serum response factor with the c-fos serum response element.
  Mol Cell Biol, 15, 5975-5982.  
7596820 S.Tang, and M.L.Breitman (1995).
The optimal binding sequence of the Hox11 protein contains a predicted recognition core motif.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 1928-1935.  
9383429 T.Kodadek (1995).
From carpet bombing to cruise missiles: the 'second-order' mechanisms used by transcription factors to ensure specific DNA binding in vivo.
  Chem Biol, 2, 267-279.  
7777491 T.Li, M.Stark, A.D.Johnson, and C.Wolberger (1995).
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of an a1/alpha 2/DNA ternary complex.
  Proteins, 21, 161-164.  
8591025 T.Tullius (1995).
Homeodomains: together again for the first time.
  Structure, 3, 1143-1145.  
8750235 V.V.Svetlov, and T.G.Cooper (1995).
Review: compilation and characteristics of dedicated transcription factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  Yeast, 11, 1439-1484.  
7910468 B.N.Cheyette, P.J.Green, K.Martin, H.Garren, V.Hartenstein, and S.L.Zipursky (1994).
The Drosophila sine oculis locus encodes a homeodomain-containing protein required for the development of the entire visual system.
  Neuron, 12, 977-996.  
  7907979 C.Goutte, and A.D.Johnson (1994).
Recognition of a DNA operator by a dimer composed of two different homeodomain proteins.
  EMBO J, 13, 1434-1442.  
  7910796 D.L.Smith, and A.D.Johnson (1994).
Operator-constitutive mutations in a DNA sequence recognized by a yeast homeodomain.
  EMBO J, 13, 2378-2387.  
  7925312 H.P.Müller, and H.E.Varmus (1994).
DNA bending creates favored sites for retroviral integration: an explanation for preferred insertion sites in nucleosomes.
  EMBO J, 13, 4704-4714.  
7907418 I.Rambaldi, E.N.Kovàcs, and M.S.Featherstone (1994).
A proline-rich transcriptional activation domain in murine HOXD-4 (HOX-4.2).
  Nucleic Acids Res, 22, 376-382.  
8156594 J.D.Klemm, M.A.Rould, R.Aurora, W.Herr, and C.O.Pabo (1994).
Crystal structure of the Oct-1 POU domain bound to an octamer site: DNA recognition with tethered DNA-binding modules.
  Cell, 77, 21-32.
PDB code: 1oct
7907417 J.K.Tyler, K.E.Allen, and R.D.Everett (1994).
Mutation of a single lysine residue severely impairs the DNA recognition and regulatory functions of the VZV gene 62 transactivator protein.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 22, 270-278.  
7854115 J.Pfau, D.N.Arvidson, and P.Youderian (1994).
Mutants of Escherichia coli Trp repressor with changes of conserved, helix-turn-helix residue threonine 81 have altered DNA-binding specificities.
  Mol Microbiol, 13, 1001-1012.  
8041727 L.Nekludova, and C.O.Pabo (1994).
Distinctive DNA conformation with enlarged major groove is found in Zn-finger-DNA and other protein-DNA complexes.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 6948-6952.  
7915200 M.A.van Dijk, and C.Murre (1994).
extradenticle raises the DNA binding specificity of homeotic selector gene products.
  Cell, 78, 617-624.  
  8264592 M.K.Gross, and P.Gruss (1994).
Functional analysis of mouse Hoxa-7 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: sequences outside the homeodomain base contact zone influence binding and activation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 14, 238-254.  
  7913516 M.L.Phelan, R.Sadoul, and M.S.Featherstone (1994).
Functional differences between HOX proteins conferred by two residues in the homeodomain N-terminal arm.
  Mol Cell Biol, 14, 5066-5075.  
7909517 M.Seimiya, H.Ishiguro, K.Miura, Y.Watanabe, and Y.Kurosawa (1994).
Homeobox-containing genes in the most primitive metazoa, the sponges.
  Eur J Biochem, 221, 219-225.  
7809040 M.Suzuki, and N.Yagi (1994).
DNA recognition code of transcription factors in the helix-turn-helix, probe helix, hormone receptor, and zinc finger families.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 12357-12361.  
8087558 M.Suzuki (1994).
A framework for the DNA-protein recognition code of the probe helix in transcription factors: the chemical and stereochemical rules.
  Structure, 2, 317-326.  
  8164677 M.Whiteway, K.L.Clark, E.Leberer, D.Dignard, and D.Y.Thomas (1994).
Genetic identification of residues involved in association of alpha and beta G-protein subunits.
  Mol Cell Biol, 14, 3223-3229.  
  7849596 N.D.Clarke, C.R.Kissinger, J.Desjarlais, G.L.Gilliland, and C.O.Pabo (1994).
Structural studies of the engrailed homeodomain.
  Protein Sci, 3, 1779-1787.
PDB code: 1enh
  7910944 Q.Lu, D.D.Wright, and M.P.Kamps (1994).
Fusion with E2A converts the Pbx1 homeodomain protein into a constitutive transcriptional activator in human leukemias carrying the t(1;19) translocation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 14, 3938-3948.  
  7914870 S.C.Ekker, D.G.Jackson, D.P.von Kessler, B.I.Sun, K.E.Young, and P.A.Beachy (1994).
The degree of variation in DNA sequence recognition among four Drosophila homeotic proteins.
  EMBO J, 13, 3551-3560.  
  7909358 S.D.Hanes, G.Riddihough, D.Ish-Horowicz, and R.Brent (1994).
Specific DNA recognition and intersite spacing are critical for action of the bicoid morphogen.
  Mol Cell Biol, 14, 3364-3375.  
7915199 S.K.Chan, L.Jaffe, M.Capovilla, J.Botas, and R.S.Mann (1994).
The DNA binding specificity of Ultrabithorax is modulated by cooperative interactions with extradenticle, another homeoprotein.
  Cell, 78, 603-615.  
  7987224 T.Liu, E.F.DeRose, and G.P.Mullen (1994).
Determination of the structure of the DNA binding domain of gamma delta resolvase in solution.
  Protein Sci, 3, 1286-1295.
PDB codes: 1res 1ret
7845358 U.Kües, A.M.Tymon, W.V.Richardson, G.May, P.T.Gieser, and L.A.Casselton (1994).
A mating-type factors of Coprinus cinereus have variable numbers of specificity genes encoding two classes of homeodomain proteins.
  Mol Gen Genet, 245, 45-52.  
8044836 W.J.Gehring, Y.Q.Qian, M.Billeter, K.Furukubo-Tokunaga, A.F.Schier, D.Resendez-Perez, M.Affolter, G.Otting, and K.Wüthrich (1994).
Homeodomain-DNA recognition.
  Cell, 78, 211-223.  
7905633 Y.G.Kim, and S.Chandrasegaran (1994).
Chimeric restriction endonuclease.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 883-887.  
7909611 Y.Q.Qian, D.Resendez-Perez, W.J.Gehring, and K.Wüthrich (1994).
The des(1-6)antennapedia homeodomain: comparison of the NMR solution structure and the DNA-binding affinity with the intact Antennapedia homeodomain.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 4091-4095.
PDB code: 1san
7904065 Z.Shang, Y.W.Ebright, N.Iler, P.S.Pendergrast, Y.Echelard, A.P.McMahon, R.H.Ebright, and C.Abate (1994).
DNA affinity cleaving analysis of homeodomain-DNA interaction: identification of homeodomain consensus sites in genomic DNA.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 118-122.  
8434005 A.F.Schier, and W.J.Gehring (1993).
Functional specificity of the homeodomain protein fushi tarazu: the role of DNA-binding specificity in vivo.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 1450-1454.  
  8096172 B.Appel, and S.Sakonju (1993).
Cell-type-specific mechanisms of transcriptional repression by the homeotic gene products UBX and ABD-A in Drosophila embryos.
  EMBO J, 12, 1099-1109.  
7902124 B.Kalionis, and P.H.O'Farrell (1993).
A universal target sequence is bound in vitro by diverse homeodomains.
  Mech Dev, 43, 57-70.  
  8491172 B.Leiting, R.De Francesco, L.Tomei, R.Cortese, G.Otting, and K.Wüthrich (1993).
The three-dimensional NMR-solution structure of the polypeptide fragment 195-286 of the LFB1/HNF1 transcription factor from rat liver comprises a nonclassical homeodomain.
  EMBO J, 12, 1797-1803.  
  8101633 C.K.Galang, and C.A.Hauser (1993).
Cooperative DNA binding of the human HoxB5 (Hox-2.1) protein is under redox regulation in vitro.
  Mol Cell Biol, 13, 4609-4617.  
8265594 C.Li, and P.W.Tucker (1993).
DNA-binding properties and secondary structural model of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head domain.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 11583-11587.  
8431949 D.E.Fisher, L.A.Parent, and P.A.Sharp (1993).
High affinity DNA-binding Myc analogs: recognition by an alpha helix.
  Cell, 72, 467-476.  
  8474451 D.L.Galson, J.O.Hensold, T.R.Bishop, M.Schalling, A.D.D'Andrea, C.Jones, P.E.Auron, and D.E.Housman (1993).
Mouse beta-globin DNA-binding protein B1 is identical to a proto-oncogene, the transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1, and is restricted in expression to hematopoietic cells and the testis.
  Mol Cell Biol, 13, 2929-2941.  
8096171 E.Kaufmann (1993).
In vitro binding to the leucine tRNA gene identifies a novel yeast homeobox gene.
  Chromosoma, 102, 174-179.  
  8253077 G.Sessa, G.Morelli, and I.Ruberti (1993).
The Athb-1 and -2 HD-Zip domains homodimerize forming complexes of different DNA binding specificities.
  EMBO J, 12, 3507-3517.  
  8096811 I.Komuro, M.Schalling, L.Jahn, R.Bodmer, N.A.Jenkins, N.G.Copeland, and S.Izumo (1993).
Gtx: a novel murine homeobox-containing gene, expressed specifically in glial cells of the brain and germ cells of testis, has a transcriptional repressor activity in vitro for a serum-inducible promoter.
  EMBO J, 12, 1387-1401.  
7690144 I.Komuro, and S.Izumo (1993).
Csx: a murine homeobox-containing gene specifically expressed in the developing heart.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 8145-8149.  
  8445737 I.N.Melnikova, B.E.Crute, S.Wang, and N.A.Speck (1993).
Sequence specificity of the core-binding factor.
  J Virol, 67, 2408-2411.  
  8389695 J.J.Hwang, P.Chambon, and I.Davidson (1993).
Characterization of the transcription activation function and the DNA binding domain of transcriptional enhancer factor-1.
  EMBO J, 12, 2337-2348.  
15335684 J.W.Schwabe, and A.A.Travers (1993).
What is evolution playing at?
  Curr Biol, 3, 628-630.  
8221895 J.W.Schwabe, L.Chapman, J.T.Finch, and D.Rhodes (1993).
The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: how receptors discriminate between their response elements.
  Cell, 75, 567-578.
PDB code: 1hcq
16100953 J.W.Schwabe, L.Chapman, J.T.Finch, D.Rhodes, and D.Neuhaus (1993).
DNA recognition by the oestrogen receptor: from solution to the crystal.
  Structure, 1, 187-204.
PDB code: 1hcp
8101003 K.Furukubo-Tokunaga, S.Flister, and W.J.Gehring (1993).
Functional specificity of the Antennapedia homeodomain.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 6360-6364.  
8504250 L.P.Hansen, and G.R.Crabtree (1993).
Regulation of the HNF-1 homeodomain proteins by DCoH.
  Curr Opin Genet Dev, 3, 246-253.  
  8423807 M.B.Toledano, D.Ghosh, F.Trinh, and W.J.Leonard (1993).
N-terminal DNA-binding domains contribute to differential DNA-binding specificities of NF-kappa B p50 and p65.
  Mol Cell Biol, 13, 852-860.  
8290361 M.P.Laget, I.Callebaut, Y.de Launoit, D.Stehelin, and J.P.Mornon (1993).
Predicted common structural features of DNA-binding domains from Ets, Myb and HMG transcription factors.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 5987-5996.  
8341604 M.R.Murphy, M.Shimizu, S.Y.Roth, A.M.Dranginis, and R.T.Simpson (1993).
DNA-protein interactions at the S.cerevisiae alpha 2 operator in vivo.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 3295-3300.  
  8344259 M.Suzuki (1993).
Common features in DNA recognition helices of eukaryotic transcription factors.
  EMBO J, 12, 3221-3226.  
8441632 N.Suzuki, W.Peter, T.Ciesiolka, P.Gruss, and H.R.Schöler (1993).
Mouse Oct-1 contains a composite homeodomain of human Oct-1 and Oct-2.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 245-252.  
8466473 P.C.van der Vliet, and C.P.Verrijzer (1993).
Bending of DNA by transcription factors.
  Bioessays, 15, 25-32.  
8255775 R.Bosselut, J.Levin, E.Adjadj, and J.Ghysdael (1993).
A single amino-acid substitution in the Ets domain alters core DNA binding specificity of Ets1 to that of the related transcription factors Elf1 and E74.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 5184-5191.  
8374950 R.G.Brennan (1993).
The winged-helix DNA-binding motif: another helix-turn-helix takeoff.
  Cell, 74, 773-776.  
7901837 R.de Jong, J.van der Heijden, and F.Meijlink (1993).
DNA-binding specificity of the S8 homeodomain.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 4711-4720.  
8284197 S.S.Dhawale, and A.C.Lane (1993).
Compilation of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins implicated in transcriptional control in fungi.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 5537-5546.  
  8491173 T.A.Ceska, M.Lamers, P.Monaci, A.Nicosia, R.Cortese, and D.Suck (1993).
The X-ray structure of an atypical homeodomain present in the rat liver transcription factor LFB1/HNF1 and implications for DNA binding.
  EMBO J, 12, 1805-1810.
PDB code: 1lfb
8415675 T.E.Wilson, K.A.Padgett, M.Johnston, and J.Milbrandt (1993).
A genetic method for defining DNA-binding domains: application to the nuclear receptor NGFI-B.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 9186-9190.  
  8445719 W.Sun, M.O'Connell, and N.A.Speck (1993).
Characterization of a protein that binds multiple sequences in mammalian type C retrovirus enhancers.
  J Virol, 67, 1976-1986.  
1361230 A.D.Frankel (1992).
The importance of being flexible.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 11653.  
1535704 A.K.Dubey, and R.J.Roberts (1992).
Sequence-specific DNA binding by the MspI DNA methyltransferase.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 20, 3167-3173.  
  1582410 A.M.Tymon, U.Kües, W.V.Richardson, and L.A.Casselton (1992).
A fungal mating type protein that regulates sexual and asexual development contains a POU-related domain.
  EMBO J, 11, 1805-1813.  
1633857 A.V.Karlyshev, E.E.Galyov, V.M.Abramov, and V.P.Zav'yalov (1992).
Caf1R gene and its role in the regulation of capsule formation of Y. pestis.
  FEBS Lett, 305, 37-40.  
1739973 B.Gillissen, J.Bergemann, C.Sandmann, B.Schroeer, M.Bölker, and R.Kahmann (1992).
A two-component regulatory system for self/non-self recognition in Ustilago maydis.
  Cell, 68, 647-657.  
  1361172 C.P.Verrijzer, M.J.Alkema, W.W.van Weperen, H.C.Van Leeuwen, M.J.Strating, and P.C.van der Vliet (1992).
The DNA binding specificity of the bipartite POU domain and its subdomains.
  EMBO J, 11, 4993-5003.  
1409671 D.C.van Gent, A.A.Groeneger, and R.H.Plasterk (1992).
Mutational analysis of the integrase protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 9598-9602.  
1732062 D.L.Smith, and A.D.Johnson (1992).
A molecular mechanism for combinatorial control in yeast: MCM1 protein sets the spacing and orientation of the homeodomains of an alpha 2 dimer.
  Cell, 68, 133-142.  
1361457 E.Brugnera, L.Xu, W.Schaffner, and D.N.Arnosti (1992).
POU-specific domain of Oct-2 factor confers 'octamer' motif DNA binding specificity on heterologous Antennapedia homeodomain.
  FEBS Lett, 314, 361-365.  
1369743 F.Banuett (1992).
Ustilago maydis, the delightful blight.
  Trends Genet, 8, 174-180.  
  1396594 K.Dehesh, H.Hung, J.M.Tepperman, and P.H.Quail (1992).
GT-2: a transcription factor with twin autonomous DNA-binding domains of closely related but different target sequence specificity.
  EMBO J, 11, 4131-4144.  
  1380452 M.Görlach, M.Wittekind, R.A.Beckman, L.Mueller, and G.Dreyfuss (1992).
Interaction of the RNA-binding domain of the hnRNP C proteins with RNA.
  EMBO J, 11, 3289-3295.  
  1628625 M.Kiledjian, and G.Dreyfuss (1992).
Primary structure and binding activity of the hnRNP U protein: binding RNA through RGG box.
  EMBO J, 11, 2655-2664.  
1360645 M.R.Crompton, T.J.Bartlett, A.D.MacGregor, G.Manfioletti, E.Buratti, V.Giancotti, and G.H.Goodwin (1992).
Identification of a novel vertebrate homeobox gene expressed in haematopoietic cells.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 20, 5661-5667.  
1349174 M.Schena, and R.W.Davis (1992).
HD-Zip proteins: members of an Arabidopsis homeodomain protein superfamily.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 3894-3898.  
  1374713 M.Schummer, I.Scheurlen, C.Schaller, and B.Galliot (1992).
HOM/HOX homeobox genes are present in hydra (Chlorohydra viridissima) and are differentially expressed during regeneration.
  EMBO J, 11, 1815-1823.  
  1508216 M.Zannini, H.Francis-Lang, D.Plachov, and R.Di Lauro (1992).
Pax-8, a paired domain-containing protein, binds to a sequence overlapping the recognition site of a homeodomain and activates transcription from two thyroid-specific promoters.
  Mol Cell Biol, 12, 4230-4241.  
  1356765 S.C.Ekker, D.P.von Kessler, and P.A.Beachy (1992).
Differential DNA sequence recognition is a determinant of specificity in homeotic gene action.
  EMBO J, 11, 4059-4072.  
  1448103 S.Camier, N.Kacherovsky, and E.T.Young (1992).
A mutation outside the two zinc fingers of ADR1 can suppress defects in either finger.
  Mol Cell Biol, 12, 5758-5767.  
1473154 T.E.Ellenberger, C.J.Brandl, K.Struhl, and S.C.Harrison (1992).
The GCN4 basic region leucine zipper binds DNA as a dimer of uninterrupted alpha helices: crystal structure of the protein-DNA complex.
  Cell, 71, 1223-1237.
PDB code: 1ysa
1363814 T.R.Bürglin, and G.Ruvkun (1992).
New motif in PBX genes.
  Nat Genet, 1, 319-320.  
1369739 U.Kües, and L.A.Casselton (1992).
Homeodomains and regulation of sexual development in basidiomycetes.
  Trends Genet, 8, 154-155.  
1357790 W.J.Gehring (1992).
The homeobox in perspective.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 17, 277-280.  
1359544 Y.Q.Qian, G.Otting, K.Furukubo-Tokunaga, M.Affolter, W.J.Gehring, and K.Wüthrich (1992).
NMR structure determination reveals that the homeodomain is connected through a flexible linker to the main body in the Drosophila Antennapedia protein.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 10738-10742.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.

 

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