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PDBsum entry 1ad3
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Oxidoreductase PDB id
1ad3

 

 

 

 

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Contents
Protein chains
446 a.a. *
Ligands
NAD ×2
Waters ×276
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1ad3
Name: Oxidoreductase
Title: Class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase complex with nicotinamide-adenine- dinucleotide
Structure: Aldehyde dehydrogenase (class 3). Chain: a, b. Synonym: aldh. Engineered: yes
Source: Rattus norvegicus. Norway rat. Organism_taxid: 10116. Organ: liver. Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562.
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PDB file)
Resolution:
2.60Å     R-factor:   0.177     R-free:   0.279
Authors: Z.-J.Liu,J.Rose,B.C.Wang
Key ref: Z.J.Liu et al. (1997). The first structure of an aldehyde dehydrogenase reveals novel interactions between NAD and the Rossmann fold. Nat Struct Biol, 4, 317-326. PubMed id: 9095201
Date:
25-Jun-96     Release date:   07-Jul-97    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P11883  (AL3A1_RAT) -  Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring from Rattus norvegicus
Seq:
Struc: 		453 a.a.
446 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class: E.C.1.2.1.5  - aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)(+)].
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]
      Reaction:
1. an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = a carboxylate + NADH + 2 H+
2. an aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = a carboxylate + NADPH + 2 H+
aldehyde
 + NAD(+)
 + H2O
Bound ligand (Het Group name = NAD)
corresponds exactly 		= carboxylate
 + NADH
 + 2 × H(+)
aldehyde
 + NADP(+)
 + H2O
Bound ligand (Het Group name = NAD)
matches with 91.67% similarity 		= carboxylate
 + NADPH
 + 2 × H(+)
Molecule diagrams generated from .mol files obtained from the KEGG ftp site

 

 
    reference    
 
 
Nat Struct Biol 4:317-326 (1997)
PubMed id: 9095201  
 
 
The first structure of an aldehyde dehydrogenase reveals novel interactions between NAD and the Rossmann fold.
Z.J.Liu, Y.J.Sun, J.Rose, Y.J.Chung, C.D.Hsiao, W.R.Chang, I.Kuo, J.Perozich, R.Lindahl, J.Hempel, B.C.Wang.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
The first structure of an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is described at 2.6 A resolution. Each subunit of the dimeric enzyme contains an NAD-binding domain, a catalytic domain and a bridging domain. At the interface of these domains is a 15 A long funnel-shaped passage with a 6 x 12 A opening leading to a putative catalytic pocket. A new mode of NAD binding, which differs substantially from the classic beta-alpha-beta binding mode associated with the 'Rossmann fold', is observed which we term the beta-alpha,beta mode. Sequence comparisons of the class 3 ALDH with other ALDHs indicate a similar polypeptide fold, novel NAD-binding mode and catalytic site for this family. A mechanism for enzymatic specificity and activity is postulated.
 

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21166653 N.Stiti, I.O.Adewale, J.Petersen, D.Bartels, and H.H.Kirch (2011).
Engineering the nucleotide coenzyme specificity and sulfhydryl redox sensitivity of two stress-responsive aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  Biochem J, 434, 459-471.  
20133651 D.Srivastava, J.P.Schuermann, T.A.White, N.Krishnan, N.Sanyal, G.L.Hura, A.Tan, M.T.Henzl, D.F.Becker, and J.J.Tanner (2010).
Crystal structure of the bifunctional proline utilization A flavoenzyme from Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 2878-2883.
PDB code: 3haz
20495892 H.F.Lo, and Y.J.Chen (2010).
gene cloning and biochemical characterization of a NAD(P)+ -dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from Bacillus licheniformis.
  Mol Biotechnol, 46, 157-167.  
  20091669 I.Pérez-Arellano, F.Carmona-Alvarez, A.I.Martínez, J.Rodríguez-Díaz, and J.Cervera (2010).
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase and proline biosynthesis: from osmotolerance to rare metabolic disease.
  Protein Sci, 19, 372-382.  
20883264 K.Sakai, M.Akiyama, T.Yanagi, S.Nampoothiri, T.Mampilly, V.Sunitha, and H.Shimizu (2010).
An Indian family with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome caused by a novel ALDH3A2 mutation.
  Int J Dermatol, 49, 1031-1033.  
20936198 R.Orth, T.Böttcher, and S.A.Sieber (2010).
The biological targets of acivicin inspired 3-chloro- and 3-bromodihydroisoxazole scaffolds.
  Chem Commun (Camb), 46, 8475-8477.  
20062057 S.Perez-Miller, H.Younus, R.Vanam, C.H.Chen, D.Mochly-Rosen, and T.D.Hurley (2010).
Alda-1 is an agonist and chemical chaperone for the common human aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 variant.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17, 159-164.
PDB codes: 3inj 3inl
21203538 T.Estey, Y.Chen, J.F.Carpenter, and V.Vasiliou (2010).
Structural and functional modifications of corneal crystallin ALDH3A1 by UVB light.
  PLoS One, 5, e15218.  
20639368 Y.Shimada, S.Yasuda, M.Takahashi, T.Hayashi, N.Miyazawa, I.Sato, Y.Abiru, S.Uchiyama, and H.Hishigaki (2010).
Cloning and expression of a novel NADP(H)-dependent daidzein reductase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of daidzein, from equol-producing Lactococcus strain 20-92.
  Appl Environ Microbiol, 76, 5892-5901.  
18848533 S.A.Krupenko (2009).
FDH: an aldehyde dehydrogenase fusion enzyme in folate metabolism.
  Chem Biol Interact, 178, 84-93.  
18096698 H.Itoh, T.Suzuta, T.Hoshino, and N.Takaya (2008).
Novel dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidative hydrolysis of carbon-nitrogen double bonds for hydrazone degradation.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 5790-5800.  
18369526 J.J.Tanner (2008).
Structural biology of proline catabolism.
  Amino Acids, 35, 719-730.  
18218709 J.S.Rodríguez-Zavala (2008).
Enhancement of coenzyme binding by a single point mutation at the coenzyme binding domain of E. coli lactaldehyde dehydrogenase.
  Protein Sci, 17, 563-570.  
18611112 S.A.Marchitti, C.Brocker, D.Stagos, and V.Vasiliou (2008).
Non-P450 aldehyde oxidizing enzymes: the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily.
  Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 4, 697-720.  
17245493 D.Conklin, R.Prough, and A.Bhatanagar (2007).
Aldehyde metabolism in the cardiovascular system.
  Mol Biosyst, 3, 136-150.  
17173928 L.Di Costanzo, G.A.Gomez, and D.W.Christianson (2007).
Crystal structure of lactaldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli and inferences regarding substrate and cofactor specificity.
  J Mol Biol, 366, 481-493.
PDB codes: 2hg2 2ilu 2imp
17619949 L.Fourrat, A.Iddar, F.Valverde, A.Serrano, and A.Soukri (2007).
Cloning, gene expression and characterization of a novel bacterial NAD-dependent non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Neisseria meningitidis strain Z2491.
  Mol Cell Biochem, 305, 209-219.  
17655326 T.Wymore, D.W.Deerfield, and J.Hempel (2007).
Mechanistic implications of the cysteine-nicotinamide adduct in aldehyde dehydrogenase based on quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations.
  Biochemistry, 46, 9495-9506.  
16996289 W.B.Rizzo (2007).
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: molecular genetics and biochemical pathogenesis of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
  Mol Genet Metab, 90, 1-9.  
16585753 J.Gescher, W.Ismail, E.Olgeschläger, W.Eisenreich, J.Wörth, and G.Fuchs (2006).
Aerobic benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) catabolic pathway in Azoarcus evansii: conversion of ring cleavage product by 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
  J Bacteriol, 188, 2919-2927.  
16731973 J.S.Rodríguez-Zavala, A.Allali-Hassani, and H.Weiner (2006).
Characterization of E. coli tetrameric aldehyde dehydrogenases with atypical properties compared to other aldehyde dehydrogenases.
  Protein Sci, 15, 1387-1396.  
16794583 K.Sakai, M.Akiyama, T.Watanabe, K.Sanayama, K.Sugita, M.Takahashi, K.Suehiro, K.Yorifuji, A.Shibaki, and H.Shimizu (2006).
Novel ALDH3A2 heterozygous mutations in a Japanese family with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome.
  J Invest Dermatol, 126, 2545-2547.  
16835232 S.Watanabe, T.Kodaki, and K.Makino (2006).
A novel alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase: evolutionary insight into an alternative pathway of bacterial L-arabinose metabolism.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 28876-28888.  
  16511109 E.Inagaki, H.Takahashi, C.Kuroishi, and T.H.Tahirov (2005).
Crystallization and avoiding the problem of hemihedral twinning in crystals of Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus.
  Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun, 61, 609-611.  
15931689 W.B.Rizzo, and G.Carney (2005).
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: diversity of mutations and polymorphisms in the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH3A2).
  Hum Mutat, 26, 1.  
14729668 A.A.Chumanevich, S.A.Krupenko, and C.Davies (2004).
The crystal structure of the hydrolase domain of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase: mechanism of hydrolysis and its interplay with the dehydrogenase domain.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 14355-14364.
PDB code: 1s3i
15610535 A.Shibaki, M.Akiyama, and H.Shimizu (2004).
Novel ALDH3A2 heterozygous mutations are associated with defective lamellar granule formation in a Japanese family of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome.
  J Invest Dermatol, 123, 1197-1199.  
15272169 H.Dubourg, C.Stines-Chaumeil, C.Didierjean, F.Talfournier, S.Rahuel-Clermont, G.Branlant, and A.Aubry (2004).
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data of methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis.
  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 60, 1435-1437.  
14705032 R.Page, M.S.Nelson, F.von Delft, M.A.Elsliger, J.M.Canaves, L.S.Brinen, X.Dai, A.M.Deacon, R.Floyd, A.Godzik, C.Grittini, S.K.Grzechnik, L.Jaroszewski, H.E.Klock, E.Koesema, J.S.Kovarik, A.Kreusch, P.Kuhn, S.A.Lesley, D.McMullan, T.M.McPhillips, M.D.Miller, A.Morse, K.Moy, J.Ouyang, A.Robb, K.Rodrigues, R.Schwarzenbacher, G.Spraggon, R.C.Stevens, H.van den Bedem, J.Velasquez, J.Vincent, X.Wang, B.West, G.Wolf, K.O.Hodgson, J.Wooley, and I.A.Wilson (2004).
Crystal structure of gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase (TM0293) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.0 A resolution.
  Proteins, 54, 157-161.
PDB code: 1o20
15299009 T.Bordelon, S.K.Montegudo, S.Pakhomova, M.L.Oldham, and M.E.Newcomer (2004).
A disorder to order transition accompanies catalysis in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type II.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 43085-43091.  
15390260 T.Wymore, J.Hempel, S.S.Cho, A.D.Mackerell, H.B.Nicholas, and D.W.Deerfield (2004).
Molecular recognition of aldehydes by aldehyde dehydrogenase and mechanism of nucleophile activation.
  Proteins, 57, 758-771.  
12670968 M.J.McLeish, M.M.Kneen, K.N.Gopalakrishna, C.W.Koo, P.C.Babbitt, J.A.Gerlt, and G.L.Kenyon (2003).
Identification and characterization of a mandelamide hydrolase and an NAD(P)+-dependent benzaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633.
  J Bacteriol, 185, 2451-2456.  
12814641 M.Mukherji, C.J.Schofield, A.S.Wierzbicki, G.A.Jansen, R.J.Wanders, and M.D.Lloyd (2003).
The chemical biology of branched-chain lipid metabolism.
  Prog Lipid Res, 42, 359-376.  
11842090 E.Pohl, N.Brunner, M.Wilmanns, and R.Hensel (2002).
The crystal structure of the allosteric non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Thermoproteus tenax.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 19938-19945.
PDB code: 1ky8
12406764 H.Iwaki, Y.Hasegawa, S.Wang, M.M.Kayser, and P.C.Lau (2002).
Cloning and characterization of a gene cluster involved in cyclopentanol metabolism in Comamonas sp. strain NCIMB 9872 and biotransformations effected by Escherichia coli-expressed cyclopentanone 1,2-monooxygenase.
  Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, 5671-5684.  
12081471 J.S.Rodriguez-Zavala, and H.Weiner (2002).
Structural aspects of aldehyde dehydrogenase that influence dimer-tetramer formation.
  Biochemistry, 41, 8229-8237.  
12163495 S.Marchal, and G.Branlant (2002).
Characterization of the amino acids involved in substrate specificity of nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus mutans.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 39235-39242.  
11882655 V.Montplaisir, N.C.Lan, J.Guimond, C.Savineau, P.V.Bhat, and S.Mader (2002).
Recombinant class I aldehyde dehydrogenases specific for all-trans- or 9-cis-retinal.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 17486-17492.  
11306041 B.Wei, and H.Weiner (2001).
Making an Oriental equivalent of the yeast cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase as well as making one with positive cooperativity in coenzyme binding by mutations of glutamate 492 and arginine 480.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 173-179.  
11306030 H.Weiner, B.Wei, and J.Zhou (2001).
Subunit communication in tetrameric class 2 human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase as the basis for half-of-the-site reactivity and the dominance of the oriental subunit in a heterotetramer.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 47-56.  
11168411 J.Hempel, I.Kuo, J.Perozich, B.C.Wang, R.Lindahl, and H.Nicholas (2001).
Aldehyde dehydrogenase. Maintaining critical active site geometry at motif 8 in the class 3 enzyme.
  Eur J Biochem, 268, 722-726.  
11306054 K.Yamauchi, and J.R.Tata (2001).
Characterization of Xenopus cytosolic thyroid-hormone-binding protein (xCTBP) with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 309-321.  
11435118 L.J.Baker, J.A.Dorocke, R.A.Harris, and D.E.Timm (2001).
The crystal structure of yeast thiamin pyrophosphokinase.
  Structure, 9, 539-546.
PDB code: 1ig0
11306028 L.Zhang, B.Ahvazi, R.Szittner, A.Vrielink, and E.Meighen (2001).
Differences in nucleotide specificity and catalytic mechanism between Vibrio harveyi aldehyde dehydrogenase and other members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 29-38.  
11306026 T.D.Hurley, S.Perez-Miller, and H.Breen (2001).
Order and disorder in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 3.
PDB code: 1o05
11306044 T.Wymore, H.B.Nicholas, and J.Hempel (2001).
Molecular dynamics simulation of class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 201-207.  
11306053 W.B.Rizzo, Z.Lin, and G.Carney (2001).
Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase: genomic structure, expression and mutation analysis in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome.
  Chem Biol Interact, 130, 297-307.  
11106411 A.Incharoensakdi, N.Matsuda, T.Hibino, Y.L.Meng, H.Ishikawa, A.Hara, T.Funaguma, T.Takabe, and T.Takabe (2000).
Overproduction of spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. Structural and functional properties of wild-type, mutants and E. coli enzymes.
  Eur J Biochem, 267, 7015-7023.  
10828945 A.Schmidt, H.Wu, R.E.MacKenzie, V.J.Chen, J.R.Bewly, J.E.Ray, J.E.Toth, and M.Cygler (2000).
Structures of three inhibitor complexes provide insight into the reaction mechanism of the human methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase.
  Biochemistry, 39, 6325-6335.
PDB codes: 1dia 1dib 1dig
10998257 E.C.Kathmann, S.Naylor, and J.J.Lipsky (2000).
Rat liver constitutive and phenobarbital-inducible cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases are highly homologous proteins that function as distinct isozymes.
  Biochemistry, 39, 11170-11176.  
11114510 H.Erlandsen, E.E.Abola, and R.C.Stevens (2000).
Combining structural genomics and enzymology: completing the picture in metabolic pathways and enzyme active sites.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 10, 719-730.  
11012673 J.Perozich, I.Kuo, B.C.Wang, J.S.Boesch, R.Lindahl, and J.Hempel (2000).
Shifting the NAD/NADP preference in class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  Eur J Biochem, 267, 6197-6203.  
11009616 J.Zhou, and H.Weiner (2000).
Basis for half-of-the-site reactivity and the dominance of the K487 oriental subunit over the E487 subunit in heterotetrameric human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  Biochemistry, 39, 12019-12024.  
11087393 L.Zhang, B.Ahvazi, R.Szittner, A.Vrielink, and E.Meighen (2000).
A histidine residue in the catalytic mechanism distinguishes Vibrio harveyi aldehyde dehydrogenase from other members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily.
  Biochemistry, 39, 14409-14418.  
10792573 N.Aoki, H.Suzuki, K.Ito, and M.Ito (2000).
A novel point mutation of the FALDH gene in a Japanese family with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome.
  J Invest Dermatol, 114, 1065-1066.  
10841783 R.E.Campbell, S.C.Mosimann, I.van De Rijn, M.E.Tanner, and N.C.Strynadka (2000).
The first structure of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase reveals the catalytic residues necessary for the two-fold oxidation.
  Biochemistry, 39, 7012-7023.
PDB codes: 1dli 1dlj
10673423 S.A.White, S.J.Peake, S.McSweeney, G.Leonard, N.P.Cotton, and J.B.Jackson (2000).
The high-resolution structure of the NADP(H)-binding component (dIII) of proton-translocating transhydrogenase from human heart mitochondria.
  Structure, 8, 1.
PDB code: 1djl
10788355 T.Maeda, I.Yoshinaga, T.Shiba, M.Murakami, A.Wada, and Y.Ishida (2000).
Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase that is induced by growing Alteromonas sp. Strain KE10 in a low concentration of organic nutrients.
  Appl Environ Microbiol, 66, 1883-1889.  
10661867 A.Habenicht, H.Motejadded, M.Kiess, A.Wegerer, and R.Mattes (1999).
Xylose utilisation: cloning and characterisation of the xylitol dehydrogenase from Galactocandida mastotermitis.
  Biol Chem, 380, 1405-1411.  
10411631 A.Kikonyogo, D.P.Abriola, M.Dryjanski, and R.Pietruszko (1999).
Mechanism of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by citral, a retinoid antagonist.
  Eur J Biochem, 262, 704-712.  
10320326 A.L.Lamb, and M.E.Newcomer (1999).
The structure of retinal dehydrogenase type II at 2.7 A resolution: implications for retinal specificity.
  Biochemistry, 38, 6003-6011.
PDB code: 1bi9
10661866 B.Häcker, A.Habenicht, M.Kiess, and R.Mattes (1999).
Xylose utilisation: cloning and characterisation of the Xylose reductase from Candida tenuis.
  Biol Chem, 380, 1395-1403.  
  10548037 C.J.Mann, and H.Weiner (1999).
Differences in the roles of conserved glutamic acid residues in the active site of human class 3 and class 2 aldehyde dehydrogenases.
  Protein Sci, 8, 1922-1929.  
  10543838 H.Iwaki, Y.Hasegawa, M.Teraoka, T.Tokuyama, H.Bergeron, and P.C.Lau (1999).
Identification of a transcriptional activator (ChnR) and a 6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase (ChnE) in the cyclohexanol catabolic pathway in Acinetobacter sp. Strain NCIMB 9871 and localization of the genes that encode them.
  Appl Environ Microbiol, 65, 5158-5162.  
  10210192 J.Perozich, H.Nicholas, B.C.Wang, R.Lindahl, and J.Hempel (1999).
Relationships within the aldehyde dehydrogenase extended family.
  Protein Sci, 8, 137-146.  
  10543811 J.Toth, A.A.Ismaiel, and J.S.Chen (1999).
The ald gene, encoding a coenzyme A-acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase, distinguishes Clostridium beijerinckii and two other solvent-producing clostridia from Clostridium acetobutylicum.
  Appl Environ Microbiol, 65, 4973-4980.  
10085078 K.Yamauchi, J.Nakajima, H.Hayashi, R.Horiuchi, and J.R.Tata (1999).
Xenopus cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein (xCTBP) is aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzing the formation of retinoic acid.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 8460-8469.  
  10631996 L.Ni, J.Zhou, T.D.Hurley, and H.Weiner (1999).
Human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: three-dimensional structure and the restoration of solubility and activity of chimeric forms.
  Protein Sci, 8, 2784-2790.
PDB code: 1cw3
10997131 O.Sprusanský, D.Homérová, B.Sevcíková, and J.Kormanec (1999).
Cloning of the putative aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldA, gene from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
  Folia Microbiol (Praha), 44, 491-502.  
10577908 W.B.Rizzo, G.Carney, and Z.Lin (1999).
The molecular basis of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: mutation analysis of the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene.
  Am J Hum Genet, 65, 1547-1560.  
9748275 A.Ferrández, B.Miñambres, B.García, E.R.Olivera, J.M.Luengo, J.L.García, and E.Díaz (1998).
Catabolism of phenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a new aerobic hybrid pathway.
  J Biol Chem, 273, 25974-25986.  
  9495743 A.Velasco, S.Alonso, J.L.García, J.Perera, and E.Díaz (1998).
Genetic and functional analysis of the styrene catabolic cluster of Pseudomonas sp. strain Y2.
  J Bacteriol, 180, 1063-1071.  
  9792097 K.Johansson, M.El-Ahmad, S.Ramaswamy, L.Hjelmqvist, H.Jörnvall, and H.Eklund (1998).
Structure of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase at 2.1 A resolution.
  Protein Sci, 7, 2106-2117.
PDB codes: 1a4s 1bpw
9760251 M.Dryjanski, L.L.Kosley, and R.Pietruszko (1998).
N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, a serine protease inhibitor, identifies glutamate 398 at the coenzyme-binding site of human aldehyde dehydrogenase. Evidence for a second "naked anion" at the active site.
  Biochemistry, 37, 14151-14156.  
9497334 N.A.Brunner, H.Brinkmann, B.Siebers, and R.Hensel (1998).
NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax. The first identified archaeal member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily is a glycolytic enzyme with unusual regulatory properties.
  J Biol Chem, 273, 6149-6156.  
9862807 S.A.Moore, H.M.Baker, T.J.Blythe, K.E.Kitson, T.M.Kitson, and E.N.Baker (1998).
Sheep liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase: the structure reveals the basis for the retinal specificity of class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenases.
  Structure, 6, 1541-1551.
PDB code: 1bxs
  9721273 S.Achterholt, H.Priefert, and A.Steinbüchel (1998).
Purification and characterization of the coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain HR199 and molecular characterization of the gene.
  J Bacteriol, 180, 4387-4391.  
9195888 C.G.Steinmetz, P.Xie, H.Weiner, and T.D.Hurley (1997).
Structure of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: the genetic component of ethanol aversion.
  Structure, 5, 701-711.
PDB codes: 1a4z 1ag8
9228056 S.Sheikh, L.Ni, T.D.Hurley, and H.Weiner (1997).
The potential roles of the conserved amino acids in human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  J Biol Chem, 272, 18817-18822.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB code is shown on the right.

 

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