IntEnz

EC 1.2.1.8 - Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase

IntEnz Enzyme Nomenclature
EC 1.2.1.8

Names

Reaction

• 15305 [IUBMB]
  betaine aldehyde

  betaine aldehyde

  Name origin: UniProt - CHECKED (C)

  CHEBI:15710

  Formula: C5H12NO
  Charge: 1

  ChEBI compound status: CHECKED (C)

  

  +

  H₂O

  H2O

  Name origin: UniProt - CHECKED (C)

  CHEBI:15377

  Formula: H2O
  Charge: 0

  ChEBI compound status: CHECKED (C)

  

  +

  NAD⁺

  NAD(+)

  Name origin: UniProt - CHECKED (C)

  CHEBI:57540

  Formula: C21H26N7O14P2
  Charge: -1

  ChEBI compound status: CHECKED (C)

  

  =

  betaine

  betaine

  Name origin: UniProt - CHECKED (C)

  CHEBI:17750

  Formula: C5H11NO2
  Charge: 0

  ChEBI compound status: CHECKED (C)

  

  +

  2

  H⁺

  H(+)

  Name origin: UniProt - CHECKED (C)

  CHEBI:15378

  Formula: H
  Charge: 1

  ChEBI compound status: CHECKED (C)

  

  +

  NADH

  NADH

  Name origin: UniProt - CHECKED (C)

  CHEBI:57945

  Formula: C21H27N7O14P2
  Charge: -2

  ChEBI compound status: CHECKED (C)

  

Comments:

In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. This enzyme is involved in the second step and appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In contrast, different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, this reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7 (choline monooxygenase), whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble (EC 1.1.3.17) choline oxidase [5]. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).

Links to other databases

References

1. Rothschild, H.A. and Barron, E.S.G.
   The oxidation of betaine aldehyde by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase.
   J. Biol. Chem. 209 : 511-523 (1954). [PMID: 13192104]
2. Livingstone, J.R., Maruo, T., Yoshida, I., Tarui, Y., Hirooka, K., Yamamoto, Y., Tsutui, N. and Hirasawa, E.
   Purification and properties of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Avena sativa.
   J. Plant Res. 116 : 133-140 (2003). [PMID: 12736784]
3. Muñoz-Clares, R.A., González-Segura, L., Mújica-Jiménez, C. and Contreras-Díaz, L.
   Ligand-induced conformational changes of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. leaves affecting the reactivity of the catalytic thiol.
   Chem. Biol. Interact. 143 : 129-137 (2003). [PMID: 12604197]
4. Johansson, K., El-Ahmad, M., Ramaswamy, S., Hjelmqvist, L., Jörnvall, H. and Eklund, H.
   Structure of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase at 2.1 Å resolution.
   Protein Sci. 7 : 2106-2117 (1999). [PMID: 9792097]
5. Waditee, R., Tanaka, Y., Aoki, K., Hibino, T., Jikuya, H., Takano, J., Takabe, T. and Takabe, T.
   Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica.
   J. Biol. Chem. 278 : 4932-4942 (2003). [PMID: 12466265]

[EC 1.2.1.8 created 1961, modified 2005, modified 2011]