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    <source releaseDate="2026-05-11">
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        <shortLabel>IntAct</shortLabel>
        <fullName>European Bioinformatics Institute</fullName>
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        <attribute name="definition">INTerAction database (IntAct) provides an open source database and toolkit for the storage, presentation and analysis of molecular interactions.</attribute>
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        <attribute name="postaladdress">European Bioinformatics Institute; Wellcome Trust Genome Campus; Hinxton, Cambridge; CB10 1SD; United Kingdom</attribute>
        <attribute name="url" nameAc="MI:0614">https://www.ebi.ac.uk</attribute>
        <attribute name="postaladdress">European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.</attribute>
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          <fullName>Mock publication and experiment for abstract interactions that are not interaction evidences.</fullName>
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            <fullName>protein</fullName>
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            <fullName>Homo sapiens</fullName>
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        <organism ncbiTaxId="-2">
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          <secondaryRef db="panther" dbAc="MI:0702" id="PTHR11516" refType="orthology-group" refTypeAc="MI:2426"/>
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        <interactorType>
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            <shortLabel>protein</shortLabel>
            <fullName>protein</fullName>
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        </interactorType>
        <organism ncbiTaxId="9606">
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            <shortLabel>human</shortLabel>
            <fullName>Homo sapiens</fullName>
            <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">Human</alias>
          </names>
        </organism>
        <sequence>MRKMLAAVSRVLSGASQKPASRVLVASRNFANDATFEIKKCDLHRLEEGPPVTTVLTREDGLKYYRMMQTVRRMELKADQLYKQKIIRGFCHLCDGQEACCVGLEAGINPTDHLITAYRAHGFTFTRGLSVREILAELTGRKGGCAKGKGGSMHMYAKNFYGGNGIVGAQVPLGAGIALACKYNGKDEVCLTLYGDGAANQGQIFEAYNMAALWKLPCIFICENNRYGMGTSVERAAASTDYYKRGDFIPGLRVDGMDILCVREATRFAAAYCRSGKGPILMELQTYRYHGHSMSDPGVSYRTREEIQEVRSKSDPIMLLKDRMVNSNLASVEELKEIDVEVRKEIEDAAQFATADPEPPLEELGYHIYSSDPPFEVRGANQWIKFKSVS</sequence>
        <attributeList>
          <attribute name="crc64">4D685BBE44A92D4B</attribute>
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      <interactor id="5">
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          <shortLabel>thiamine(1+) diphosphate(3-)</shortLabel>
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          <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">thiamine diphosphate dianion</alias>
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        <interactorType>
          <names>
            <shortLabel>small molecule</shortLabel>
            <fullName>small molecule</fullName>
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          </xref>
        </interactorType>
        <organism ncbiTaxId="-2">
          <names>
            <shortLabel>chemical synthesis</shortLabel>
            <fullName>Chemical synthesis (Chemical synthesis)</fullName>
          </names>
        </organism>
        <attributeList>
          <attribute name="inchi key" nameAc="MI:0970">AYEKOFBPNLCAJY-UHFFFAOYSA-L</attribute>
          <attribute name="inchi key" nameAc="MI:0970">AYEKOFBPNLCAJY-UHFFFAOYSA-L</attribute>
        </attributeList>
      </interactor>
    </interactorList>
    <interactionList>
      <abstractInteraction id="6">
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          <shortLabel>e1_pdc_human</shortLabel>
          <fullName>pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 heterotetramer</fullName>
          <alias type="complex recommended name" typeAc="MI:1315">Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 heterotetramer</alias>
          <alias type="complex synonym" typeAc="MI:0673">pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 complex</alias>
          <alias type="complex synonym" typeAc="MI:0673">E1</alias>
          <alias type="complex synonym" typeAc="MI:0673">PDHE1</alias>
          <alias type="complex synonym" typeAc="MI:0673">pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)</alias>
          <alias type="complex synonym" typeAc="MI:0673">E1p</alias>
          <alias type="complex systematic name" typeAc="MI:1316">2xPDHA1:2xPDHB</alias>
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          <secondaryRef db="qsproteome" dbAc="MI:2443" id="QS150965" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
          <secondaryRef db="wwpdb" dbAc="MI:0805" id="3exh" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
          <secondaryRef db="wwpdb" dbAc="MI:0805" id="3exe" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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        <participantList>
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            <interactorRef>5</interactorRef>
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                <shortLabel>cofactor</shortLabel>
                <fullName>cofactor</fullName>
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                    <shortLabel>binding region</shortLabel>
                    <fullName>binding-associated region</fullName>
                    <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">binding region</alias>
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                </featureType>
                <featureRangeList>
                  <featureRange>
                    <startStatus>
                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>undetermined</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>undetermined sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">undetermined</alias>
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                    <begin position="0"/>
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                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>undetermined</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>undetermined sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">undetermined</alias>
                      </names>
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                      </xref>
                    </endStatus>
                    <end position="0"/>
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                </featureRangeList>
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            <stoichiometry value="2"/>
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          <participant id="9">
            <interactorRef>4</interactorRef>
            <biologicalRole>
              <names>
                <shortLabel>enzyme</shortLabel>
                <fullName>enzyme</fullName>
              </names>
              <xref>
                <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0501" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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              </xref>
            </biologicalRole>
            <featureList>
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                  <shortLabel>pdhb binding region</shortLabel>
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                  <primaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-9098768" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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                <featureType>
                  <names>
                    <shortLabel>binding region</shortLabel>
                    <fullName>binding-associated region</fullName>
                    <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">binding region</alias>
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                    <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0117" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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                  </xref>
                </featureType>
                <featureRangeList>
                  <featureRange>
                    <startStatus>
                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>certain</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>certain sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">certain</alias>
                      </names>
                      <xref>
                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0335" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-540564" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>certain</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>certain sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">certain</alias>
                      </names>
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                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0335" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-540564" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                      </xref>
                    </endStatus>
                    <end position="390"/>
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                </featureRangeList>
              </feature>
              <feature id="11">
                <names>
                  <shortLabel>thiamine(1+) diphosphate(3-) binding region</shortLabel>
                </names>
                <xref>
                  <primaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-16413503" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                </xref>
                <featureType>
                  <names>
                    <shortLabel>binding region</shortLabel>
                    <fullName>binding-associated region</fullName>
                    <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">binding region</alias>
                  </names>
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                    <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0117" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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                <featureRangeList>
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                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>undetermined</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>undetermined sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">undetermined</alias>
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                        <shortLabel>undetermined</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>undetermined sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">undetermined</alias>
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                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0339" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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            <stoichiometry value="2"/>
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              <names>
                <shortLabel>enzyme</shortLabel>
                <fullName>enzyme</fullName>
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            <featureList>
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                <names>
                  <shortLabel>pdha1 binding region</shortLabel>
                </names>
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                  <primaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-9098770" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
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                    <shortLabel>binding region</shortLabel>
                    <fullName>binding-associated region</fullName>
                    <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">binding region</alias>
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                        <fullName>certain sequence position</fullName>
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                    <end position="359"/>
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              </feature>
              <feature id="14">
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                  <shortLabel>thiamine(1+) diphosphate(3-) binding region</shortLabel>
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                <featureType>
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                    <shortLabel>binding region</shortLabel>
                    <fullName>binding-associated region</fullName>
                    <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">binding region</alias>
                  </names>
                  <xref>
                    <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0117" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                    <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-456493" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                    <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                  </xref>
                </featureType>
                <featureRangeList>
                  <featureRange>
                    <startStatus>
                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>certain</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>certain sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">certain</alias>
                      </names>
                      <xref>
                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0335" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-540564" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                      </xref>
                    </startStatus>
                    <begin position="89"/>
                    <endStatus>
                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>certain</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>certain sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">certain</alias>
                      </names>
                      <xref>
                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0335" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-540564" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                      </xref>
                    </endStatus>
                    <end position="89"/>
                  </featureRange>
                </featureRangeList>
              </feature>
            </featureList>
            <stoichiometry value="2"/>
          </participant>
          <participant id="15">
            <interactorRef>3</interactorRef>
            <biologicalRole>
              <names>
                <shortLabel>cofactor</shortLabel>
                <fullName>cofactor</fullName>
                <alias type="go synonym" typeAc="MI:0303">coenzyme</alias>
              </names>
              <xref>
                <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0682" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-967823" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
              </xref>
            </biologicalRole>
            <stoichiometry value="2"/>
          </participant>
          <participant id="16">
            <interactorRef>5</interactorRef>
            <biologicalRole>
              <names>
                <shortLabel>cofactor</shortLabel>
                <fullName>cofactor</fullName>
                <alias type="go synonym" typeAc="MI:0303">coenzyme</alias>
              </names>
              <xref>
                <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0682" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-967823" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
              </xref>
            </biologicalRole>
            <featureList>
              <feature id="17">
                <names>
                  <shortLabel>PDHB binding region</shortLabel>
                </names>
                <xref>
                  <primaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-11475300" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                </xref>
                <featureType>
                  <names>
                    <shortLabel>binding region</shortLabel>
                    <fullName>binding-associated region</fullName>
                    <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">binding region</alias>
                  </names>
                  <xref>
                    <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0117" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                    <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-456493" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                    <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                  </xref>
                </featureType>
                <featureRangeList>
                  <featureRange>
                    <startStatus>
                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>undetermined</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>undetermined sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">undetermined</alias>
                      </names>
                      <xref>
                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0339" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-448295" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                      </xref>
                    </startStatus>
                    <endStatus>
                      <names>
                        <shortLabel>undetermined</shortLabel>
                        <fullName>undetermined sequence position</fullName>
                        <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">undetermined</alias>
                      </names>
                      <xref>
                        <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0339" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-448295" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
                        <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
                      </xref>
                    </endStatus>
                  </featureRange>
                </featureRangeList>
              </feature>
            </featureList>
            <stoichiometry value="1"/>
          </participant>
        </participantList>
        <bindingFeatureList>
          <bindingFeatures>
            <participantFeatureRef>8</participantFeatureRef>
            <participantFeatureRef>11</participantFeatureRef>
          </bindingFeatures>
          <bindingFeatures>
            <participantFeatureRef>13</participantFeatureRef>
            <participantFeatureRef>10</participantFeatureRef>
          </bindingFeatures>
          <bindingFeatures>
            <participantFeatureRef>17</participantFeatureRef>
            <participantFeatureRef>14</participantFeatureRef>
          </bindingFeatures>
        </bindingFeatureList>
        <interactionType>
          <names>
            <shortLabel>direct interaction</shortLabel>
            <fullName>direct interaction</fullName>
          </names>
          <xref>
            <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:0407" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
            <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-608833" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
            <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="14755292" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
          </xref>
        </interactionType>
        <organism ncbiTaxId="9606">
          <names>
            <shortLabel>human</shortLabel>
            <fullName>Homo sapiens</fullName>
            <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">Human</alias>
          </names>
        </organism>
        <interactorType>
          <names>
            <shortLabel>stable complex</shortLabel>
            <fullName>stable complex</fullName>
          </names>
          <xref>
            <primaryRef db="psi-mi" dbAc="MI:0488" id="MI:1302" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
            <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-6862248" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
            <secondaryRef db="pubmed" dbAc="MI:0446" id="12853464" refType="primary-reference" refTypeAc="MI:0358"/>
          </xref>
        </interactorType>
        <evidenceType>
          <names>
            <shortLabel>physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion</shortLabel>
            <fullName>physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion</fullName>
            <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">IPI</alias>
            <alias type="synonym" typeAc="MI:1041">inferred from physical interaction</alias>
          </names>
          <xref>
            <primaryRef db="evidence ontology" dbAc="MI:1331" id="ECO:0000353" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
            <secondaryRef db="intact" dbAc="MI:0469" id="EBI-9828818" refType="identity" refTypeAc="MI:0356"/>
          </xref>
        </evidenceType>
        <attributeList>
          <attribute name="curated-complex">The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). Eukaryotic PDC is a highly organized multienzyme complex with the core structure formed by 60 subunits of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and 12 monomers of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (E3BP) to which other components of the complex are bound: 20-30  heterotetramers (alpha2beta2) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), 6-12 homodimers of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase  (E3), 1-2 homo (or hetero) dimers of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and 2-3 heterodimers of phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. E1 catalyzes the first irreversible and rate-limiting step in the PDC catalyzed reactions, i.e. the thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent decarboxylation of pyruvic acid with formation of 2-a-hydroxyethylidene-TPP and carbon dioxide and reductive acetylation of lipoyl moieties of E2. Heterotetrameric E1 has two active sites that interact with each other during catalysis, each using TPP and magnesium ion as cofactors and each formed on the interface between the alpha and beta subunits.</attribute>
          <attribute name="complex-properties" nameAc="MI:0629">Molecular mass = 154 kDa</attribute>
          <attribute name="complex-assembly">Heterotetramer</attribute>
        </attributeList>
      </abstractInteraction>
    </interactionList>
  </entry>
</entrySet>
