UniProt functional annotation for P48607



	UniProt functional annotation for P48607

UniProt code: P48607.

Organism: Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).

Taxonomy: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora.

Function: The activated form, spaetzle C-106, acts as a ligand for the Toll receptor (PubMed:12872120). Binding to Toll activates the Toll signaling pathway and induces expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin (PubMed:8808632). Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity in the embryo (PubMed:8124709, PubMed:11212919). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11212919, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12872120, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8124709, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8808632}.

Subunit: Homodimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:12872120, PubMed:9533958). In the presence of Tl, crystal structures show one Tl molecule bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24733933, PubMed:24282309). However, the active complex probably consists of two Tl molecules bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24282309, PubMed:24733933). This is supported by in vitro experiments which also show binding of the spaetzle C-106 dimer to 2 Tl receptors (PubMed:12872120). Ligand binding induces conformational changes in the extracellular domain of Tl (PubMed:24282309). This may enable a secondary homodimerization interface at the C-terminus of the Tl extracellular domain (PubMed:24282309). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12872120, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24282309, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24733933, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9533958, ECO:0000303|PubMed:24282309}.

Subcellular location: [Isoform 8.19]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.

Subcellular location: [Isoform 8.29]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.

Subcellular location: [Isoform 11.15]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.

Subcellular location: [Isoform 11.6]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.

Subcellular location: [Isoform 11.7]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.

Developmental stage: Expressed both maternally and zygotically. All isoforms, except isoform 8.20, are rapidly degraded on cellularisation of the blastoderm embryo. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:8124709}.

Ptm: During embryonic development, easter cleaves the signal peptide and also generates the C-terminal 12 kDa active fragment, C-106 (except for isoform 8.24 and isoform 11.27 as they do not contain the cleavage site) (PubMed:9533958). During the immune response, cleaved in the same manner by SPE (PubMed:16399077). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16399077, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9533958}.

Ptm: Extracellular forms of isoform 8.19 and isoform 11.7 are glycosylated.

Miscellaneous: 'Spaetzle' means 'noodles' in German.

Annotations taken from UniProtKB at the EBI.


Organism:		Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
Taxonomy:		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora.



Function:		The activated form, spaetzle C-106, acts as a ligand for the Toll receptor (PubMed:12872120). Binding to Toll activates the Toll signaling pathway and induces expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin (PubMed:8808632). Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity in the embryo (PubMed:8124709, PubMed:11212919). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11212919, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12872120, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8124709, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8808632}.


Subunit:		Homodimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:12872120, PubMed:9533958). In the presence of Tl, crystal structures show one Tl molecule bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24733933, PubMed:24282309). However, the active complex probably consists of two Tl molecules bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24282309, PubMed:24733933). This is supported by in vitro experiments which also show binding of the spaetzle C-106 dimer to 2 Tl receptors (PubMed:12872120). Ligand binding induces conformational changes in the extracellular domain of Tl (PubMed:24282309). This may enable a secondary homodimerization interface at the C-terminus of the Tl extracellular domain (PubMed:24282309). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12872120, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:24282309, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:24733933, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:9533958, ECO:0000303\|PubMed:24282309}.
Subcellular location:		[Isoform 8.19]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.
Subcellular location:		[Isoform 8.29]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.
Subcellular location:		[Isoform 11.15]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.
Subcellular location:		[Isoform 11.6]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.
Subcellular location:		[Isoform 11.7]: Secreted. Note=Secreted in a cell culture system.
Developmental stage:		Expressed both maternally and zygotically. All isoforms, except isoform 8.20, are rapidly degraded on cellularisation of the blastoderm embryo. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8124709}.
Ptm:		During embryonic development, easter cleaves the signal peptide and also generates the C-terminal 12 kDa active fragment, C-106 (except for isoform 8.24 and isoform 11.27 as they do not contain the cleavage site) (PubMed:9533958). During the immune response, cleaved in the same manner by SPE (PubMed:16399077). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16399077, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:9533958}.
Ptm:		Extracellular forms of isoform 8.19 and isoform 11.7 are glycosylated.
Miscellaneous:		'Spaetzle' means 'noodles' in German.