UniProt functional annotation for Q96A08



	UniProt functional annotation for Q96A08

UniProt code: Q96A08.

Organism: Homo sapiens (Human).

Taxonomy: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.

Function: Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells (By similarity). Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones (By similarity). Core component of nucleosome (By similarity). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template (By similarity). Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (By similarity). DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear (PubMed:21249133). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P70696, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21249133}.

Subunit: The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P70696}.

Subcellular location: Nucleus {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P70696}. Chromosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P70696}.

Tissue specificity: Mainly expressed in testis, and the corresponding protein is also present in mature sperm (at protein level). Also found in some fat cells. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12213818, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21249133}.

Ptm: Monoubiquitination at Lys-36 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-122 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16307923, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16713563}.

Ptm: Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21925322}.

Ptm: Acetylated during spermatogenesis. Acetylated form is most abundant in spermatogonia compared to spermatocytes and round spermatids (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q00729}.

Ptm: Phosphorylated at Thr-117 in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q00729}.

Ptm: Methylated at Lys-118 in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q00729}.

Ptm: Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:31645732}.

Similarity: Belongs to the histone H2B family. {ECO:0000305}.

Annotations taken from UniProtKB at the EBI.


Organism:		Homo sapiens (Human).
Taxonomy:		Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.



Function:		Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells (By similarity). Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones (By similarity). Core component of nucleosome (By similarity). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template (By similarity). Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (By similarity). DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear (PubMed:21249133). {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P70696, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:21249133}.


Subunit:		The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P70696}.
Subcellular location:		Nucleus {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P70696}. Chromosome {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:P70696}.
Tissue specificity:		Mainly expressed in testis, and the corresponding protein is also present in mature sperm (at protein level). Also found in some fat cells. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12213818, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:21249133}.
Ptm:		Monoubiquitination at Lys-36 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-122 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16307923, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16713563}.
Ptm:		Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:21925322}.
Ptm:		Acetylated during spermatogenesis. Acetylated form is most abundant in spermatogonia compared to spermatocytes and round spermatids (By similarity). {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:Q00729}.
Ptm:		Phosphorylated at Thr-117 in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids. {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:Q00729}.
Ptm:		Methylated at Lys-118 in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids. {ECO:0000250\|UniProtKB:Q00729}.
Ptm:		Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:31645732}.
Similarity:		Belongs to the histone H2B family. {ECO:0000305}.