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PDBsum entry 1n0w
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protein ligands metals Protein-protein interface(s) links
Gene regulation/antitumor protein PDB id
1n0w

 

 

 

 

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JSmol PyMol  
Contents
Protein chains
210 a.a. *
33 a.a. *
Ligands
THR-GLY-SER
GLY-SER-MSE-GLY
EDO ×5
Metals
_MG
_CL
Waters ×247
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1n0w
Name: Gene regulation/antitumor protein
Title: Crystal structure of a rad51-brca2 brc repeat complex
Structure: DNA repair protein rad51 homolog 1. Chain: a. Fragment: atpase domain. Synonym: rad51, hrad51, hsrad51. Engineered: yes. Breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein. Chain: b. Fragment: brc repeat type 4. Synonym: brca2 brc4 repeat sequence.
Source: Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Gene: rad51. Expressed in: escherichia coli bl21(de3). Expression_system_taxid: 469008. Gene: brca2.
Biol. unit: Tetramer (from PQS)
Resolution:
1.70Å     R-factor:   0.191     R-free:   0.206
Authors: L.Pellegrini,D.S.Yu,T.Lo,S.Anand,M.Lee,T.L.Blundell,A.R.Venkitaraman
Key ref:
L.Pellegrini et al. (2002). Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD51-BRCA2 complex. Nature, 420, 287-293. PubMed id: 12442171 DOI: 10.1038/nature01230
Date:
15-Oct-02     Release date:   27-Nov-02    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q06609  (RAD51_HUMAN) -  DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 from Homo sapiens
Seq:
Struc: 		339 a.a.
210 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P51587  (BRCA2_HUMAN) -  Breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein from Homo sapiens
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		3418 a.a.
33 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

 

 
DOI no: 10.1038/nature01230 Nature 420:287-293 (2002)
PubMed id: 12442171  
 
 
Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD51-BRCA2 complex.
L.Pellegrini, D.S.Yu, T.Lo, S.Anand, M.Lee, T.L.Blundell, A.R.Venkitaraman.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
The breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA2 controls the function of RAD51, a recombinase enzyme, in pathways for DNA repair by homologous recombination. We report here the structure of a complex between an evolutionarily conserved sequence in BRCA2 (the BRC repeat) and the RecA-homology domain of RAD51. The BRC repeat mimics a motif in RAD51 that serves as an interface for oligomerization between individual RAD51 monomers, thus enabling BRCA2 to control the assembly of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, which is essential for strand-pairing reactions during DNA recombination. The RAD51 oligomerization motif is highly conserved among RecA-like recombinases, highlighting a common evolutionary origin for the mechanism of nucleoprotein filament formation, mirrored in the BRC repeat. Cancer-associated mutations that affect the BRC repeat disrupt its predicted interaction with RAD51, yielding structural insight into mechanisms for cancer susceptibility.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 1.
Figure 1: The RAD51 -BRC4 complex. a, Ribbon representation. RAD51 is in magenta ( -helices) and light blue ( -strands), the BRC repeat motif is in green. The N and C termini are indicated. b, Topology diagram. The colour scheme is the same as in a, except for the N-terminal strand-helix-strand motif of RAD51 (yellow). Labelled secondary structure elements in RAD51 constitute the RecA-homology domain. Disordered RAD51 loops (dashed lines) connect -strand B4 to -helix A5 (L1) and B5 to B6 (L2). c, Stereo diagram superposing the ATPase domains of human RAD51 and bacterial RecA (Protein Data Bank accession code 2reb). Secondary structure elements are coloured red (RAD51) or green (RecA). 		Figure 2.
Figure 2: The RAD51 -BRC4 interface. a, Hydrophobic interactions mediated by the -helical region of the BRC repeat. RAD51 is rendered as a solvent-accessible molecular surface (green). The BRC motif is shown as a maroon coil, featuring only the relevant side chains (light brown). b, Hydrophobic interactions involving the -hairpin region of the BRC repeat. c, Polar interactions. RAD51 is shown in ribbon representation (colouring as in Fig. 1a), and the BRC motif is shown as a green tube. Interacting side chains are drawn in stick representation. Dotted yellow lines represent hydrogen bonds.
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature (2002, 420, 287-293) copyright 2002.  
  Figures were selected by an automated process.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
22193408 R.Roy, J.Chun, and S.N.Powell (2012).
BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 12, 68-78.  
21358811 J.M.Doolittle, and S.M.Gomez (2011).
Mapping Protein Interactions between Dengue Virus and Its Human and Insect Hosts.
  PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, e954.  
21166902 M.Kojic, Q.Zhou, J.Fan, and W.K.Holloman (2011).
Mutational analysis of Brh2 reveals requirements for compensating mediator functions.
  Mol Microbiol, 79, 180-191.  
21279724 M.R.Akbari, R.Malekzadeh, P.Lepage, D.Roquis, A.R.Sadjadi, K.Aghcheli, A.Yazdanbod, R.Shakeri, J.Bashiri, M.Sotoudeh, A.Pourshams, P.Ghadirian, and S.A.Narod (2011).
Mutations in Fanconi anemia genes and the risk of esophageal cancer.
  Hum Genet, 129, 573-582.  
20859677 P.Gonzalez-Hormazabal, S.Gutierrez-Enriquez, D.Gaete, J.M.Reyes, O.Peralta, E.Waugh, F.Gomez, S.Margarit, T.Bravo, R.Blanco, O.Diez, and L.Jara (2011).
Spectrum of BRCA1/2 point mutations and genomic rearrangements in high-risk breast/ovarian cancer Chilean families.
  Breast Cancer Res Treat, 126, 705-716.  
20602259 R.Krupa, A.Sobczuk, T.Popławski, K.Wozniak, and J.Blasiak (2011).
DNA damage and repair in endometrial cancer in correlation with the hOGG1 and RAD51 genes polymorphism.
  Mol Biol Rep, 38, 1163-1170.  
21731065 W.K.Holloman (2011).
Unraveling the mechanism of BRCA2 in homologous recombination.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 18, 748-754.  
20599771 A.Deorukhkar, and S.Krishnan (2010).
Targeting inflammatory pathways for tumor radiosensitization.
  Biochem Pharmacol, 80, 1904-1914.  
20299221 A.L.Forget, and S.C.Kowalczykowski (2010).
Single-molecule imaging brings Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments into focus.
  Trends Cell Biol, 20, 269-276.  
20530153 D.Wright, A.DeBeaux, R.Shi, A.J.Doherty, and L.Harrison (2010).
Characterization of the roles of the catalytic domains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ligase D in Ku-dependent error-prone DNA end joining.
  Mutagenesis, 25, 473-481.  
20385443 E.Amir, B.Seruga, R.Serrano, and A.Ocana (2010).
Targeting DNA repair in breast cancer: a clinical and translational update.
  Cancer Treat Rev, 36, 557-565.  
19875419 E.Rajendra, and A.R.Venkitaraman (2010).
Two modules in the BRC repeats of BRCA2 mediate structural and functional interactions with the RAD51 recombinase.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 82-96.  
  20979543 G.Sioftanos, A.Ismail, L.Föhse, S.Shanley, M.Worku, and S.C.Short (2010).
BRCA1 and BRCA2 heterozygosity in embryonic stem cells reduces radiation-induced Rad51 focus formation but is not associated with radiosensitivity.
  Int J Radiat Biol, 86, 1095-1105.  
20842730 H.D.Popp, and S.K.Bohlander (2010).
Genetic instability in inherited and sporadic leukemias.
  Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 49, 1071-1081.  
20371513 H.Xu, H.T.Beernink, and S.W.Morrical (2010).
DNA-binding properties of T4 UvsY recombination mediator protein: polynucleotide wrapping promotes high-affinity binding to single-stranded DNA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 4821-4833.  
20684611 J.Nomme, A.Renodon-Cornière, Y.Asanomi, K.Sakaguchi, A.Z.Stasiak, A.Stasiak, B.Norden, V.Tran, and M.Takahashi (2010).
Design of potent inhibitors of human RAD51 recombinase based on BRC motifs of BRCA2 protein: modeling and experimental validation of a chimera peptide.
  J Med Chem, 53, 5782-5791.  
20600947 K.G.Thakur, R.K.Jaiswal, J.K.Shukla, T.Praveena, and B.Gopal (2010).
Over-expression and purification strategies for recombinant multi-protein oligomers: a case study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis σ/anti-σ factor protein complexes.
  Protein Expr Purif, 74, 223-230.  
20177395 M.E.Moynahan, and M.Jasin (2010).
Mitotic homologous recombination maintains genomic stability and suppresses tumorigenesis.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 11, 196-207.  
20232139 O.Diez, S.Gutiérrez-Enríquez, M.Masas, A.Tenés, C.Yagüe, A.Arcusa, and G.Llort (2010).
Identification of a new complex deleterious mutation in exon 18 of the BRCA2 gene in a hereditary male/female breast cancer family.
  Breast Cancer Res Treat, 123, 587-590.  
20400477 P.J.O'Donovan, and D.M.Livingston (2010).
BRCA1 and BRCA2: breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene products and participants in DNA double-strand break repair.
  Carcinogenesis, 31, 961-967.  
20871615 R.Buisson, A.M.Dion-Côté, Y.Coulombe, H.Launay, H.Cai, A.Z.Stasiak, A.Stasiak, B.Xia, and J.Y.Masson (2010).
Cooperation of breast cancer proteins PALB2 and piccolo BRCA2 in stimulating homologous recombination.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17, 1247-1254.  
  20798837 R.K.Chittela, and J.K.Sainis (2010).
Plant DNA recombinases: a long way to go.
  J Nucleic Acids, 2010, 0.  
20515430 R.L.Flynn, and L.Zou (2010).
Oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold proteins: a growing family of genome guardians.
  Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 45, 266-275.  
20543987 S.M.Bennett, J.M.Mercer, and M.A.Noor (2010).
Slip-sliding away: serial changes and homoplasy in repeat number in the Drosophila yakuba homolog of human cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2.
  PLoS One, 5, e11006.  
20015079 W.Kagawa, and H.Kurumizaka (2010).
From meiosis to postmeiotic events: uncovering the molecular roles of the meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1.
  FEBS J, 277, 590-598.  
20403813 Y.Takizawa, Y.Qing, M.Takaku, T.Ishida, Y.Morozumi, T.Tsujita, T.Kogame, K.Hirota, M.Takahashi, T.Shibata, H.Kurumizaka, and S.Takeda (2010).
GEMIN2 promotes accumulation of RAD51 at double-strand breaks in homologous recombination.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 5059-5074.  
19066203 A.A.Grigorescu, J.H.Vissers, D.Ristic, Y.Z.Pigli, T.W.Lynch, C.Wyman, and P.A.Rice (2009).
Inter-subunit interactions that coordinate Rad51's activities.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 557-567.  
19303847 A.Carreira, J.Hilario, I.Amitani, R.J.Baskin, M.K.Shivji, A.R.Venkitaraman, and S.C.Kowalczykowski (2009).
The BRC repeats of BRCA2 modulate the DNA-binding selectivity of RAD51.
  Cell, 136, 1032-1043.  
  19838057 A.Carreira, and S.C.Kowalczykowski (2009).
BRCA2: Shining light on the regulation of DNA-binding selectivity by RAD51.
  Cell Cycle, 8, 3445-3447.  
19772495 A.J.Hartlerode, and R.Scully (2009).
Mechanisms of double-strand break repair in somatic mammalian cells.
  Biochem J, 423, 157-168.  
18954285 A.R.Venkitaraman (2009).
Linking the cellular functions of BRCA genes to cancer pathogenesis and treatment.
  Annu Rev Pathol, 4, 461-487.  
19587234 A.Reymer, K.Frykholm, K.Morimatsu, M.Takahashi, and B.Nordén (2009).
Structure of human Rad51 protein filament from molecular modeling and site-specific linear dichroism spectroscopy.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 13248-13253.  
19338667 C.D.Lee, and T.F.Wang (2009).
The N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli RecA have multiple functions in promoting homologous recombination.
  J Biomed Sci, 16, 37.  
19540850 D.Lucarelli, Y.A.Wang, V.E.Galkin, X.Yu, D.B.Wigley, and E.H.Egelman (2009).
The RecB nuclease domain binds to RecA-DNA filaments: implications for filament loading.
  J Mol Biol, 391, 269-274.  
19397440 E.Mladenov, P.Kalev, and B.Anachkova (2009).
The complexity of double-strand break ends is a factor in the repair pathway choice.
  Radiat Res, 171, 397-404.  
19426562 J.W.Ahn, B.J.Atwell, and T.H.Roberts (2009).
Serpin genes AtSRP2 and AtSRP3 are required for normal growth sensitivity to a DNA alkylating agent in Arabidopsis.
  BMC Plant Biol, 9, 52.  
19628690 M.K.Shivji, S.R.Mukund, E.Rajendra, S.Chen, J.M.Short, J.Savill, D.Klenerman, and A.R.Venkitaraman (2009).
The BRC repeats of human BRCA2 differentially regulate RAD51 binding on single- versus double-stranded DNA to stimulate strand exchange.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 13254-13259.  
19329439 M.Takaku, S.Machida, N.Hosoya, S.Nakayama, Y.Takizawa, I.Sakane, T.Shibata, K.Miyagawa, and H.Kurumizaka (2009).
Recombination Activator Function of the Novel RAD51- and RAD51B-binding Protein, Human EVL.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 14326-14336.  
19540122 N.Ayoub, E.Rajendra, X.Su, A.D.Jeyasekharan, R.Mahen, and A.R.Venkitaraman (2009).
The carboxyl terminus of Brca2 links the disassembly of Rad51 complexes to mitotic entry.
  Curr Biol, 19, 1075-1085.  
19182269 Q.Zhou, M.Kojic, and W.K.Holloman (2009).
DNA-binding Domain within the Brh2 N Terminus Is the Primary Interaction Site for Association with DNA.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 8265-8273.  
19554456 S.M.Bennett, and M.A.Noor (2009).
Molecular evolution of a Drosophila homolog of human BRCA2.
  Genetica, 137, 213-219.  
19336413 T.Ishida, Y.Takizawa, T.Kainuma, J.Inoue, T.Mikawa, T.Shibata, H.Suzuki, S.Tashiro, and H.Kurumizaka (2009).
DIDS, a chemical compound that inhibits RAD51-mediated homologous pairing and strand exchange.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 3367-3376.  
19447914 Y.Morozumi, Y.Takizawa, M.Takaku, and H.Kurumizaka (2009).
Human PSF binds to RAD51 and modulates its homologous-pairing and strand-exchange activities.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 4296-4307.  
19102758 A.I.Roca, A.E.Almada, and A.C.Abajian (2008).
ProfileGrids as a new visual representation of large multiple sequence alignments: a case study of the RecA protein family.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 9, 554.  
18430140 C.L.Hartley, and R.McCulloch (2008).
Trypanosoma brucei BRCA2 acts in antigenic variation and has undergone a recent expansion in BRC repeat number that is important during homologous recombination.
  Mol Microbiol, 68, 1237-1251.  
18317453 E.M.Bahassi, J.L.Ovesen, A.L.Riesenberg, W.Z.Bernstein, P.E.Hasty, and P.J.Stambrook (2008).
The checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 regulate the functional associations between hBRCA2 and Rad51 in response to DNA damage.
  Oncogene, 27, 3977-3985.  
18439040 E.T.Brown, C.Robinson-Benion, and J.T.Holt (2008).
Radiation enhances caspase 3 cleavage of Rad51 in BRCA2-defective cells.
  Radiat Res, 169, 595-601.  
18579371 H.Yang, S.M.Lippman, M.Huang, J.Jack Lee, W.Wang, M.R.Spitz, and X.Wu (2008).
Genetic polymorphisms in double-strand break DNA repair genes associated with risk of oral premalignant lesions.
  Eur J Cancer, 44, 1603-1611.  
18429819 J.Nomme, Y.Takizawa, S.F.Martinez, A.Renodon-Cornière, F.Fleury, P.Weigel, K.Yamamoto, H.Kurumizaka, and M.Takahashi (2008).
Inhibition of filament formation of human Rad51 protein by a small peptide derived from the BRC-motif of the BRCA2 protein.
  Genes Cells, 13, 471-481.  
19020353 J.R.Prabu, G.P.Manjunath, N.R.Chandra, K.Muniyappa, and M.Vijayan (2008).
Functionally important movements in RecA molecules and filaments: studies involving mutation and environmental changes.
  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 64, 1146-1157.
PDB codes: 2zr0 2zr7 2zr9 2zra 2zrb 2zrc 2zrd 2zre 2zrf 2zrg 2zrh 2zri 2zrj 2zrk 2zrl 2zrm 2zrn 2zro 2zrp
18275380 J.San Filippo, P.Sung, and H.Klein (2008).
Mechanism of eukaryotic homologous recombination.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 77, 229-257.  
18940471 J.T.Holt, W.P.Toole, V.R.Patel, H.Hwang, and E.T.Brown (2008).
Restoration of CAPAN-1 cells with functional BRCA2 provides insight into the DNA repair activity of individuals who are heterozygous for BRCA2 mutations.
  Cancer Genet Cytogenet, 186, 85-94.  
18840682 K.Jayathilaka, S.D.Sheridan, T.D.Bold, K.Bochenska, H.L.Logan, R.R.Weichselbaum, D.K.Bishop, and P.P.Connell (2008).
A chemical compound that stimulates the human homologous recombination protein RAD51.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 15848-15853.  
18429825 M.Nowacka-Zawisza, M.Brys, H.Romanowicz-Makowska, A.Kulig, and W.M.Krajewska (2008).
Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms of RAD51, BRCA1, BRCA2 gene regions in breast cancer.
  Pathol Int, 58, 275-281.  
17724471 M.R.Akbari, R.Malekzadeh, D.Nasrollahzadeh, D.Amanian, F.Islami, S.Li, I.Zandvakili, R.Shakeri, M.Sotoudeh, K.Aghcheli, R.Salahi, A.Pourshams, S.Semnani, P.Boffetta, S.M.Dawsey, P.Ghadirian, and S.A.Narod (2008).
Germline BRCA2 mutations and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
  Oncogene, 27, 1290-1296.  
19052323 M.S.Dillingham, and S.C.Kowalczykowski (2008).
RecBCD enzyme and the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks.
  Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 72, 642.  
18174332 N.Mazloum, Q.Zhou, and W.K.Holloman (2008).
D-loop formation by Brh2 protein of Ustilago maydis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 524-529.  
18587272 P.G.Park, and H.Lee (2008).
Development of thymic lymphomas in mice disrupted of Brca2 allele in the thymus.
  Exp Mol Med, 40, 339-344.  
18285819 R.Kanaar, C.Wyman, and R.Rothstein (2008).
Quality control of DNA break metabolism: in the 'end', it's a good thing.
  EMBO J, 27, 581-588.  
18173750 T.Ishida, Y.Takizawa, I.Sakane, and H.Kurumizaka (2008).
The Lys313 residue of the human Rad51 protein negatively regulates the strand-exchange activity.
  Genes Cells, 13, 91.  
18179693 W.Wu, A.Koike, T.Takeshita, and T.Ohta (2008).
The ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of BRCA1 and its biological functions.
  Cell Div, 3, 1.  
18166982 X.Li, and W.D.Heyer (2008).
Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance.
  Cell Res, 18, 99.  
18828690 Y.Yoshikawa, M.Morimatsu, K.Ochiai, M.Nagano, Y.Tomioka, N.Sasaki, K.Hashizume, and T.Iwanaga (2008).
Novel variations and loss of heterozygosity of BRCA2 identified in a dog with mammary tumors.
  Am J Vet Res, 69, 1323-1328.  
17515904 F.Esashi, V.E.Galkin, X.Yu, E.H.Egelman, and S.C.West (2007).
Stabilization of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments by the C-terminal region of BRCA2.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 14, 468-474.  
17379580 G.Nagaraju, and R.Scully (2007).
Minding the gap: the underground functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 at stalled replication forks.
  DNA Repair (Amst), 6, 1018-1031.  
17700570 I.Agalliu, E.Karlins, E.M.Kwon, L.M.Iwasaki, A.Diamond, E.A.Ostrander, and J.L.Stanford (2007).
Rare germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene are associated with early-onset prostate cancer.
  Br J Cancer, 97, 826-831.  
17760615 J.H.Frank, A.D.Elder, J.Swartling, A.R.Venkitaraman, A.D.Jeyasekharan, and C.F.Kaminski (2007).
A white light confocal microscope for spectrally resolved multidimensional imaging.
  J Microsc, 227, 203-215.  
17174478 J.J.Perry, L.Fan, and J.A.Tainer (2007).
Developing master keys to brain pathology, cancer and aging from the structural biology of proteins controlling reactive oxygen species and DNA repair.
  Neuroscience, 145, 1280-1299.  
17329376 L.T.Chen, T.P.Ko, Y.C.Chang, K.A.Lin, C.S.Chang, A.H.Wang, and T.F.Wang (2007).
Crystal structure of the left-handed archaeal RadA helical filament: identification of a functional motif for controlling quaternary structures and enzymatic functions of RecA family proteins.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 35, 1787-1801.
PDB code: 2dfl
17848989 L.T.Chen, T.P.Ko, Y.W.Chang, K.A.Lin, A.H.Wang, and T.F.Wang (2007).
Structural and functional analyses of five conserved positively charged residues in the L1 and N-terminal DNA binding motifs of archaeal RADA protein.
  PLoS ONE, 2, e858.
PDB code: 2z43
17483448 M.I.Petalcorin, V.E.Galkin, X.Yu, E.H.Egelman, and S.J.Boulton (2007).
Stabilization of RAD-51-DNA filaments via an interaction domain in Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA2.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 8299-8304.  
17515903 O.R.Davies, and L.Pellegrini (2007).
Interaction with the BRCA2 C terminus protects RAD51-DNA filaments from disassembly by BRC repeats.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 14, 475-483.  
17887919 P.J.McKinnon, and K.W.Caldecott (2007).
DNA strand break repair and human genetic disease.
  Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet, 8, 37-55.  
17261595 Q.Zhou, M.Kojic, Z.Cao, M.Lisby, N.A.Mazloum, and W.K.Holloman (2007).
Dss1 interaction with Brh2 as a regulatory mechanism for recombinational repair.
  Mol Cell Biol, 27, 2512-2526.  
16854521 R.Ralhan, J.Kaur, R.Kreienberg, and L.Wiesmüller (2007).
Links between DNA double strand break repair and breast cancer: accumulating evidence from both familial and nonfamilial cases.
  Cancer Lett, 248, 1.  
17713585 R.S.Williams, J.S.Williams, and J.A.Tainer (2007).
Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 is a keystone complex connecting DNA repair machinery, double-strand break signaling, and the chromatin template.
  Biochem Cell Biol, 85, 509-520.  
18042714 S.Adimoolam, M.Sirisawad, J.Chen, P.Thiemann, J.M.Ford, and J.J.Buggy (2007).
HDAC inhibitor PCI-24781 decreases RAD51 expression and inhibits homologous recombination.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 19482-19487.  
17666788 T.Ishida, Y.Takizawa, I.Sakane, and H.Kurumizaka (2007).
Altered DNA binding by the human Rad51-R150Q mutant found in breast cancer patients.
  Biol Pharm Bull, 30, 1374-1378.  
17948058 T.Saitoh, M.Igura, T.Obita, T.Ose, R.Kojima, K.Maenaka, T.Endo, and D.Kohda (2007).
Tom20 recognizes mitochondrial presequences through dynamic equilibrium among multiple bound states.
  EMBO J, 26, 4777-4787.
PDB codes: 2v1s 2v1t
17541404 T.Thorslund, F.Esashi, and S.C.West (2007).
Interactions between human BRCA2 protein and the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1.
  EMBO J, 26, 2915-2922.  
18066084 T.Thorslund, and S.C.West (2007).
BRCA2: a universal recombinase regulator.
  Oncogene, 26, 7720-7730.  
17768402 W.Wang (2007).
Emergence of a DNA-damage response network consisting of Fanconi anaemia and BRCA proteins.
  Nat Rev Genet, 8, 735-748.  
16793542 B.Xia, Q.Sheng, K.Nakanishi, A.Ohashi, J.Wu, N.Christ, X.Liu, M.Jasin, F.J.Couch, and D.M.Livingston (2006).
Control of BRCA2 cellular and clinical functions by a nuclear partner, PALB2.
  Mol Cell, 22, 719-729.  
16901785 C.Joo, S.A.McKinney, M.Nakamura, I.Rasnik, S.Myong, and T.Ha (2006).
Real-time observation of RecA filament dynamics with single monomer resolution.
  Cell, 126, 515-527.  
16493412 C.Tickle (2006).
Making digit patterns in the vertebrate limb.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 7, 45-53.  
16731627 H.Saeki, N.Siaud, N.Christ, W.W.Wiegant, P.P.van Buul, M.Han, M.Z.Zdzienicka, J.M.Stark, and M.Jasin (2006).
Suppression of the DNA repair defects of BRCA2-deficient cells with heterologous protein fusions.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 8768-8773.  
16998501 K.Gudmundsdottir, and A.Ashworth (2006).
The roles of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and associated proteins in the maintenance of genomic stability.
  Oncogene, 25, 5864-5874.  
16914443 M.K.Shivji, O.R.Davies, J.M.Savill, D.L.Bates, L.Pellegrini, and A.R.Venkitaraman (2006).
A region of human BRCA2 containing multiple BRC repeats promotes RAD51-mediated strand exchange.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 34, 4000-4011.  
16382157 M.Kojic, Q.Zhou, M.Lisby, and W.K.Holloman (2006).
Rec2 interplay with both Brh2 and Rad51 balances recombinational repair in Ustilago maydis.
  Mol Cell Biol, 26, 678-688.  
16369571 M.O'Driscoll, and P.A.Jeggo (2006).
The role of double-strand break repair - insights from human genetics.
  Nat Rev Genet, 7, 45-54.  
16483938 M.Spies, and S.C.Kowalczykowski (2006).
The RecA binding locus of RecBCD is a general domain for recruitment of DNA strand exchange proteins.
  Mol Cell, 21, 573-580.  
16614877 N.S.Sivarajasingham, L.Cawkwell, R.P.Baker, S.L.O'Kane, E.F.Smyth, J.V.Tilsed, M.B.Watson, J.Greenman, and J.R.Monson (2006).
Implication of the BRCA2 and putative "BRCA3" genes in Dukes' stage C, replication error-negative colon cancer.
  Ann Surg Oncol, 13, 881-886.  
16945962 N.Sarai, W.Kagawa, T.Kinebuchi, A.Kagawa, K.Tanaka, K.Miyagawa, S.Ikawa, T.Shibata, H.Kurumizaka, and S.Yokoyama (2006).
Stimulation of Dmc1-mediated DNA strand exchange by the human Rad54B protein.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 34, 4429-4437.  
16990250 O.V.Kovalenko, C.Wiese, and D.Schild (2006).
RAD51AP2, a novel vertebrate- and meiotic-specific protein, shares a conserved RAD51-interacting C-terminal domain with RAD51AP1/PIR51.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 34, 5081-5092.  
16648362 R.Krishna, G.P.Manjunath, P.Kumar, A.Surolia, N.R.Chandra, K.Muniyappa, and M.Vijayan (2006).
Crystallographic identification of an ordered C-terminal domain and a second nucleotide-binding site in RecA: new insights into allostery.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 34, 2186-2195.
PDB code: 2g88
16927314 S.P.Scott, and T.K.Pandita (2006).
The cellular control of DNA double-strand breaks.
  J Cell Biochem, 99, 1463-1475.  
16524830 T.L.Blundell, B.L.Sibanda, R.W.Montalvão, S.Brewerton, V.Chelliah, C.L.Worth, N.J.Harmer, O.Davies, and D.Burke (2006).
Structural biology and bioinformatics in drug design: opportunities and challenges for target identification and lead discovery.
  Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 361, 413-423.  
16765891 V.E.Galkin, Y.Wu, X.P.Zhang, X.Qian, Y.He, X.Yu, W.D.Heyer, Y.Luo, and E.H.Egelman (2006).
The Rad51/RadA N-terminal domain activates nucleoprotein filament ATPase activity.
  Structure, 14, 983-992.
PDB code: 2gdj
16367760 V.M.Navadgi, A.Shukla, R.K.Vempati, and B.J.Rao (2006).
DNA mediated disassembly of hRad51 and hRad52 proteins and recruitment of hRad51 to ssDNA by hRad52.
  FEBS J, 273, 199-207.  
16556071 X.Wang, and W.Dai (2006).
BRCA2 in mitotic exit: a new role in regulating genomic stability.
  Future Oncol, 2, 43-46.  
16780572 Y.Matsuo, I.Sakane, Y.Takizawa, M.Takahashi, and H.Kurumizaka (2006).
Roles of the human Rad51 L1 and L2 loops in DNA binding.
  FEBS J, 273, 3148-3159.  
15755748 A.Ariza, D.J.Richard, M.F.White, and C.S.Bond (2005).
Conformational flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of a crenarchaeal RadA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 33, 1465-1473.
PDB code: 2bke
15611070 A.Friedler, D.B.Veprintsev, T.Rutherford, K.I.von Glos, and A.R.Fersht (2005).
Binding of Rad51 and other peptide sequences to a promiscuous, highly electrostatic binding site in p53.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 8051-8059.  
15657438 A.Hatanaka, M.Yamazoe, J.E.Sale, M.Takata, K.Yamamoto, H.Kitao, E.Sonoda, K.Kikuchi, Y.Yonetani, and S.Takeda (2005).
Similar effects of Brca2 truncation and Rad51 paralog deficiency on immunoglobulin V gene diversification in DT40 cells support an early role for Rad51 paralogs in homologous recombination.
  Mol Cell Biol, 25, 1124-1134.  
16869747 A.N.Tutt, C.J.Lord, N.McCabe, H.Farmer, N.Turner, N.M.Martin, S.P.Jackson, G.C.Smith, and A.Ashworth (2005).
Exploiting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells in the design of new therapeutic strategies for cancer.
  Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 70, 139-148.  
16194225 C.E.Bell (2005).
Structure and mechanism of Escherichia coli RecA ATPase.
  Mol Microbiol, 58, 358-366.  
16326865 C.Proudfoot, and R.McCulloch (2005).
Distinct roles for two RAD51-related genes in Trypanosoma brucei antigenic variation.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 33, 6906-6919.  
15800615 F.Esashi, N.Christ, J.Gannon, Y.Liu, T.Hunt, M.Jasin, and S.C.West (2005).
CDK-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA2 as a regulatory mechanism for recombinational repair.
  Nature, 434, 598-604.  
15703751 H.Yang, Q.Li, J.Fan, W.K.Holloman, and N.P.Pavletich (2005).
The BRCA2 homologue Brh2 nucleates RAD51 filament formation at a dsDNA-ssDNA junction.
  Nature, 433, 653-657.  
16154385 J.F.Haince, M.Rouleau, M.J.Hendzel, J.Y.Masson, and G.G.Poirier (2005).
Targeting poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation: a promising approach in cancer therapy.
  Trends Mol Med, 11, 456-463.  
15798199 J.S.Martin, N.Winkelmann, M.I.Petalcorin, M.J.McIlwraith, and S.J.Boulton (2005).
RAD-51-dependent and -independent roles of a Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA2-related protein during DNA double-strand break repair.
  Mol Cell Biol, 25, 3127-3139.  
15668941 L.H.Thompson, J.M.Hinz, N.A.Yamada, and N.J.Jones (2005).
How Fanconi anemia proteins promote the four Rs: replication, recombination, repair, and recovery.
  Environ Mol Mutagen, 45, 128-142.  
15767662 M.Kojic, Q.Zhou, M.Lisby, and W.K.Holloman (2005).
Brh2-Dss1 interplay enables properly controlled recombination in Ustilago maydis.
  Mol Cell Biol, 25, 2547-2557.  
16153896 R.Litman, M.Peng, Z.Jin, F.Zhang, J.Zhang, S.Powell, P.R.Andreassen, and S.B.Cantor (2005).
BACH1 is critical for homologous recombination and appears to be the Fanconi anemia gene product FANCJ.
  Cancer Cell, 8, 255-265.  
15703734 S.C.Kowalczykowski (2005).
Cancer: catalyst of a catalyst.
  Nature, 433, 591-592.  
16137202 S.C.Short, S.Bourne, C.Martindale, M.Woodcock, and S.P.Jackson (2005).
DNA damage responses at low radiation doses.
  Radiat Res, 164, 292-302.  
15956102 T.Akiba, N.Ishii, N.Rashid, M.Morikawa, T.Imanaka, and K.Harata (2005).
Structure of RadB recombinase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1: an implication for the formation of a near-7-fold helical assembly.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 33, 3412-3423.
PDB codes: 2cvf 2cvh
15735671 T.Hay, T.Patrick, D.Winton, O.J.Sansom, and A.R.Clarke (2005).
Brca2 deficiency in the murine small intestine sensitizes to p53-dependent apoptosis and leads to the spontaneous deletion of stem cells.
  Oncogene, 24, 3842-3846.  
15937124 V.E.Galkin, F.Esashi, X.Yu, S.Yang, S.C.West, and E.H.Egelman (2005).
BRCA2 BRC motifs bind RAD51-DNA filaments.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 8537-8542.  
15908697 X.P.Zhang, K.I.Lee, J.A.Solinger, K.Kiianitsa, and W.D.Heyer (2005).
Gly-103 in the N-terminal domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 protein is critical for DNA binding.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 26303-26311.  
15537659 Y.Wu, X.Qian, Y.He, I.A.Moya, and Y.Luo (2005).
Crystal structure of an ATPase-active form of Rad51 homolog from Methanococcus voltae. Insights into potassium dependence.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 722-728.
PDB code: 1xu4
15930630 Y.Yamada, M.Inoue, T.Shiba, M.Kawasaki, R.Kato, K.Nakayama, and S.Wakatsuki (2005).
Structure determination of GGA-GAE and gamma1-ear in complex with peptides: crystallization of low-affinity complexes in membrane traffic.
  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 61, 731-736.  
15235592 A.B.Conway, T.W.Lynch, Y.Zhang, G.S.Fortin, C.W.Fung, L.S.Symington, and P.A.Rice (2004).
Crystal structure of a Rad51 filament.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 11, 791-796.
PDB code: 1szp
15057286 A.R.Venkitaraman (2004).
Tracing the network connecting BRCA and Fanconi anaemia proteins.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 4, 266-276.  
15568977 B.O.Krogh, and L.S.Symington (2004).
Recombination proteins in yeast.
  Annu Rev Genet, 38, 233-271.  
15296782 C.Wyman, and R.Kanaar (2004).
Homologous recombination: down to the wire.
  Curr Biol, 14, R629-R631.  
15198978 J.Surrallés, S.P.Jackson, M.Jasin, M.B.Kastan, S.C.West, and H.Joenje (2004).
Molecular cross-talk among chromosome fragility syndromes.
  Genes Dev, 18, 1359-1370.  
14704354 K.A.Miller, D.Sawicka, D.Barsky, and J.S.Albala (2004).
Domain mapping of the Rad51 paralog protein complexes.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 32, 169-178.  
15056657 M.E.Stauffer, and W.J.Chazin (2004).
Physical interaction between replication protein A and Rad51 promotes exchange on single-stranded DNA.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 25638-25645.  
15090549 M.E.Stauffer, and W.J.Chazin (2004).
Structural mechanisms of DNA replication, repair, and recombination.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 30915-30918.  
15065660 M.Tarsounas, A.A.Davies, and S.C.West (2004).
RAD51 localization and activation following DNA damage.
  Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 359, 87-93.  
15014444 N.Siaud, E.Dray, I.Gy, E.Gérard, N.Takvorian, and M.P.Doutriaux (2004).
Brca2 is involved in meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana as suggested by its interaction with Dmc1.
  EMBO J, 23, 1392-1401.  
15192114 R.Enomoto, T.Kinebuchi, M.Sato, H.Yagi, T.Shibata, H.Kurumizaka, and S.Yokoyama (2004).
Positive role of the mammalian TBPIP/HOP2 protein in DMC1-mediated homologous pairing.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 35263-35272.  
15264273 S.V.Hodgson, P.J.Morrison, and M.Irving (2004).
Breast cancer genetics: unsolved questions and open perspectives in an expanding clinical practice.
  Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 129, 56-64.  
15258697 V.Samouëlian, C.M.Maugard, M.Jolicoeur, R.Bertrand, S.L.Arcand, P.N.Tonin, D.M.Provencher, and A.M.Mes-Masson (2004).
Chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity profiles of four new human epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines exhibiting genetic alterations in BRCA2, TGFbeta-RII, KRAS2, TP53 and/or CDNK2A.
  Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 54, 497-504.  
15249667 W.Li, C.Chen, U.Markmann-Mulisch, L.Timofejeva, E.Schmelzer, H.Ma, and B.Reiss (2004).
The Arabidopsis AtRAD51 gene is dispensable for vegetative development but required for meiosis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 10596-10601.  
12631390 A.Waterworth (2003).
New insights into the biological function of BRCA2 from its structural interactions.
  Breast Cancer Res, 5, 107-108.  
12941707 D.S.Shin, L.Pellegrini, D.S.Daniels, B.Yelent, L.Craig, D.Bates, D.S.Yu, M.K.Shivji, C.Hitomi, A.S.Arvai, N.Volkmann, H.Tsuruta, T.L.Blundell, A.R.Venkitaraman, and J.A.Tainer (2003).
Full-length archaeal Rad51 structure and mutants: mechanisms for RAD51 assembly and control by BRCA2.
  EMBO J, 22, 4566-4576.
PDB code: 1pzn
14580352 D.S.Yu, E.Sonoda, S.Takeda, C.L.Huang, L.Pellegrini, T.L.Blundell, and A.R.Venkitaraman (2003).
Dynamic control of Rad51 recombinase by self-association and interaction with BRCA2.
  Mol Cell, 12, 1029-1041.  
12923524 E.H.Egelman (2003).
A tale of two polymers: new insights into helical filaments.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 4, 621-630.  
12853621 H.Kurumizaka, R.Enomoto, M.Nakada, K.Eda, S.Yokoyama, and T.Shibata (2003).
Region and amino acid residues required for Rad51C binding in the human Xrcc3 protein.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 31, 4041-4050.  
12815053 H.R.Lin, N.S.Ting, J.Qin, and W.H.Lee (2003).
M phase-specific phosphorylation of BRCA2 by Polo-like kinase 1 correlates with the dissociation of the BRCA2-P/CAF complex.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 35979-35987.  
12861027 K.Yamamoto, M.Ishiai, N.Matsushita, H.Arakawa, J.E.Lamerdin, J.M.Buerstedde, M.Tanimoto, M.Harada, L.H.Thompson, and M.Takata (2003).
Fanconi anemia FANCG protein in mitigating radiation- and enzyme-induced DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination in vertebrate cells.
  Mol Cell Biol, 23, 5421-5430.  
14527291 M.M.Cox (2003).
The bacterial RecA protein as a motor protein.
  Annu Rev Microbiol, 57, 551-577.  
12912992 P.Sung, L.Krejci, S.Van Komen, and M.G.Sehorn (2003).
Rad51 recombinase and recombination mediators.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 42729-42732.  
12778123 S.C.West (2003).
Molecular views of recombination proteins and their control.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 4, 435-445.  
12612651 Y.Shiloh (2003).
ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 3, 155-168.  
12504001 S.N.Powell, H.Willers, and F.Xia (2002).
BRCA2 keeps Rad51 in line. High-fidelity homologous recombination prevents breast and ovarian cancer?
  Mol Cell, 10, 1262-1263.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.

 

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