UniProt functional annotation for P0A988



	UniProt functional annotation for P0A988

UniProt codes: P0A988, P00583.

Organism: Escherichia coli (strain K12).

Taxonomy: Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacterales; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia.

Function: Confers DNA tethering and processivity to DNA polymerases and other proteins. Acts as a clamp, forming a ring around DNA (a reaction catalyzed by the clamp-loading complex) which diffuses in an ATP- independent manner freely and bidirectionally along dsDNA (PubMed:2040637). DNA bound in the ring is bent 22 degrees, in solution primed DNA is bound more tightly than dsDNA, suggesting the clamp binds both ss- and dsDNA (PubMed:18191219). In a complex of DNA with this protein, alpha, epsilon and tau subunits however the DNA is only slightly bent (PubMed:26499492). Coordinates protein traffic at the replication fork, where it interacts with multiple DNA polymerases, repair factors and other proteins (PubMed:15466025, PubMed:16168375, PubMed:22716942, PubMed:14592985, PubMed:14729336, PubMed:26499492, PubMed:15952889). Initially characterized for its ability to contact the alpha subunit (dnaE) of DNA polymerase III (Pol III), tethering it to the DNA and conferring very high processivity (PubMed:2040637). Pol III is a complex, multichain enzyme responsible for most of the replicative synthesis in bacteria; it also exhibits 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activity. The beta chain is required for initiation of replication as well as for processivity of DNA replication (PubMed:3519609, PubMed:2040637). A single clamp can bind both Pol III and IV, allowing the repair Pol IV to access DNA when it is damaged and needs to be fixed, a process the replicative polymerase cannot perform; when DNA is repaired Pol III takes over again (PubMed:16168375). Serves as a processivity factor for DNA polymerases II (PubMed:1999435, PubMed:1534562), IV (PubMed:10801133) and V (PubMed:10801133). A shorter protein beta* may be important for increasing survival after UV irradiation, and stimulates DNA synthesis with increased processivity in the presence of core Pol III plus the clamp loader complex (PubMed:8576210, PubMed:8576212). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10801133, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14592985, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14729336, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1534562, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15466025, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16168375, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18191219, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1999435, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2040637, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22716942, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26499492, ECO:0000269|PubMed:3519609, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576210, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576212, ECO:0000305|PubMed:15952889}.

Subunit: Forms a ring-shaped head-to-tail homodimer (PubMed:2040637, PubMed:9927437, PubMed:1349852, PubMed:12832762, PubMed:14592985, PubMed:14729336, PubMed:18191219, PubMed:18678908) around DNA (PubMed:18191219), which can be opened by the delta subunit (PubMed:9927437, PubMed:11525728). Binds interacting factors in a hydrophobic surface cleft between domains 2 and 3, each monomer is able to bind different proteins simultaneously (PubMed:16168375, PubMed:11525728, PubMed:14592985, PubMed:14729336, PubMed:26499492). The beta* isoform probably forms homotrimers which probably load onto DNA (PubMed:8576212). The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme complex contains at least 10 different subunits organized into 3 functionally essential subassemblies: the Pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor and the clamp-loading complex. The Pol III core (subunits alpha, epsilon and theta) contains the polymerase and the 3'- 5' exonuclease proofreading activities. The polymerase is tethered to the template via the dimeric beta sliding clamp processivity factor (this entry) (PubMed:15466025). The clamp loader (also called gamma complex) assembles the beta sliding clamp onto the primed template and plays a central role in the organization and communication at the replication fork. The clamp loader contains delta, delta', psi and chi, and 3 copies of either or both of two different DnaX proteins, gamma and tau. The DNA replisome complex has a single clamp loader (3 tau and 1 each of delta, delta', psi and chi subunits) which binds 3 Pol III cores (1 core on the leading strand and 2 on the lagging strand) each with a beta sliding clamp dimer. Additional proteins in the replisome are other copies of gamma, psi and chi, Ssb, DNA helicase and RNA primase (PubMed:20413500, PubMed:22157955, PubMed:26499492). The beta sliding clamp can also be part of the RIDA complex (regulatory inactivation of DnaA), consisting of ATP-DnaA, ADP-Hda and DNA-loaded beta clamp (PubMed:15150238, PubMed:18977760, PubMed:22716942). Also interacts with a number of other DNA machines such as DNA polymerases I (PubMed:11459978), II (PubMed:1999435, PubMed:1534562), IV (PubMed:14729336) and V, DNA mismatch repair enzyme MutS (PubMed:11459978, PubMed:11573000) and DNA ligase (PubMed:11459978). Binds to CrfC homooligomers at the midcell position during DNA replication (PubMed:23994470). Many proteins that bind the beta sliding clamp have the consensus sequence Gln-Leu[Ser/Asp]Leu-Phe (PubMed:15134440). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11459978, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11525728, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11573000, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12832762, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1349852, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14592985, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14729336, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15134440, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15150238, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1534562, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15466025, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16168375, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18191219, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18678908, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18977760, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1999435, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2040637, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20413500, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22157955, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22716942, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23994470, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26499492, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576212, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9927437}.

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23994470}. Note=Localizes to midcell position when chromosomes are condensed during DNA replication (PubMed:23994470). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23994470}.

Induction: Induced 1.5-fold by hydroxyurea (PubMed:20005847). A shorter isoform, beta* is induced by UV treatment and also at low levels in late logarithmic/early stationary phase growth (at protein level) (PubMed:8576210). Beta* transcription induced by naldixic acid (PubMed:8576211). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:20005847, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576210, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576211}.

Biotechnology: Small molecules can bind to the hydrophobic cleft and inhibit binding of various protein factors, suggesting this may make and attractive antibiotic target (PubMed:18678908). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18678908}.

Miscellaneous: The temperature- and UV-sensitive allele dnaN159 does not grow at temperatures higher than 37 degrees Celsius. The global SOS response is chronically induced. The UV-sensitivity of dnaN159 is dependent upon Pol IV (dinB), it has an enhanced Pol V-dependent mutation rate (umuC, umuD), and is absolutely dependent on the polymerase activity of Pol I (polA) for viability. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15466025}.

Miscellaneous: [Isoform Beta*]: Beta* protein is expressed in late logarithmic/early stationary phase and induced by UV treatment (PubMed:8576210). Mutations in the Shine-Dalgarno region of beta* (some silent at the amino acid level) decrease production of beta* (PubMed:8576211). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576210, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8576211}.

Similarity: Belongs to the beta sliding clamp family. {ECO:0000305}.

Annotations taken from UniProtKB at the EBI.


Organism:		Escherichia coli (strain K12).
Taxonomy:		Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacterales; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia.



Function:		Confers DNA tethering and processivity to DNA polymerases and other proteins. Acts as a clamp, forming a ring around DNA (a reaction catalyzed by the clamp-loading complex) which diffuses in an ATP- independent manner freely and bidirectionally along dsDNA (PubMed:2040637). DNA bound in the ring is bent 22 degrees, in solution primed DNA is bound more tightly than dsDNA, suggesting the clamp binds both ss- and dsDNA (PubMed:18191219). In a complex of DNA with this protein, alpha, epsilon and tau subunits however the DNA is only slightly bent (PubMed:26499492). Coordinates protein traffic at the replication fork, where it interacts with multiple DNA polymerases, repair factors and other proteins (PubMed:15466025, PubMed:16168375, PubMed:22716942, PubMed:14592985, PubMed:14729336, PubMed:26499492, PubMed:15952889). Initially characterized for its ability to contact the alpha subunit (dnaE) of DNA polymerase III (Pol III), tethering it to the DNA and conferring very high processivity (PubMed:2040637). Pol III is a complex, multichain enzyme responsible for most of the replicative synthesis in bacteria; it also exhibits 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activity. The beta chain is required for initiation of replication as well as for processivity of DNA replication (PubMed:3519609, PubMed:2040637). A single clamp can bind both Pol III and IV, allowing the repair Pol IV to access DNA when it is damaged and needs to be fixed, a process the replicative polymerase cannot perform; when DNA is repaired Pol III takes over again (PubMed:16168375). Serves as a processivity factor for DNA polymerases II (PubMed:1999435, PubMed:1534562), IV (PubMed:10801133) and V (PubMed:10801133). A shorter protein beta* may be important for increasing survival after UV irradiation, and stimulates DNA synthesis with increased processivity in the presence of core Pol III plus the clamp loader complex (PubMed:8576210, PubMed:8576212). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:10801133, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14592985, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14729336, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:1534562, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15466025, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16168375, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18191219, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:1999435, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:2040637, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:22716942, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:26499492, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:3519609, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576210, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576212, ECO:0000305\|PubMed:15952889}.


Subunit:		Forms a ring-shaped head-to-tail homodimer (PubMed:2040637, PubMed:9927437, PubMed:1349852, PubMed:12832762, PubMed:14592985, PubMed:14729336, PubMed:18191219, PubMed:18678908) around DNA (PubMed:18191219), which can be opened by the delta subunit (PubMed:9927437, PubMed:11525728). Binds interacting factors in a hydrophobic surface cleft between domains 2 and 3, each monomer is able to bind different proteins simultaneously (PubMed:16168375, PubMed:11525728, PubMed:14592985, PubMed:14729336, PubMed:26499492). The beta* isoform probably forms homotrimers which probably load onto DNA (PubMed:8576212). The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme complex contains at least 10 different subunits organized into 3 functionally essential subassemblies: the Pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor and the clamp-loading complex. The Pol III core (subunits alpha, epsilon and theta) contains the polymerase and the 3'- 5' exonuclease proofreading activities. The polymerase is tethered to the template via the dimeric beta sliding clamp processivity factor (this entry) (PubMed:15466025). The clamp loader (also called gamma complex) assembles the beta sliding clamp onto the primed template and plays a central role in the organization and communication at the replication fork. The clamp loader contains delta, delta', psi and chi, and 3 copies of either or both of two different DnaX proteins, gamma and tau. The DNA replisome complex has a single clamp loader (3 tau and 1 each of delta, delta', psi and chi subunits) which binds 3 Pol III cores (1 core on the leading strand and 2 on the lagging strand) each with a beta sliding clamp dimer. Additional proteins in the replisome are other copies of gamma, psi and chi, Ssb, DNA helicase and RNA primase (PubMed:20413500, PubMed:22157955, PubMed:26499492). The beta sliding clamp can also be part of the RIDA complex (regulatory inactivation of DnaA), consisting of ATP-DnaA, ADP-Hda and DNA-loaded beta clamp (PubMed:15150238, PubMed:18977760, PubMed:22716942). Also interacts with a number of other DNA machines such as DNA polymerases I (PubMed:11459978), II (PubMed:1999435, PubMed:1534562), IV (PubMed:14729336) and V, DNA mismatch repair enzyme MutS (PubMed:11459978, PubMed:11573000) and DNA ligase (PubMed:11459978). Binds to CrfC homooligomers at the midcell position during DNA replication (PubMed:23994470). Many proteins that bind the beta sliding clamp have the consensus sequence Gln-Leu[Ser/Asp]Leu-Phe (PubMed:15134440). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11459978, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11525728, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11573000, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12832762, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:1349852, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14592985, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14729336, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15134440, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15150238, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:1534562, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15466025, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16168375, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18191219, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18678908, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18977760, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:1999435, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:2040637, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:20413500, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:22157955, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:22716942, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:23994470, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:26499492, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576212, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:9927437}.
Subcellular location:		Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:23994470}. Note=Localizes to midcell position when chromosomes are condensed during DNA replication (PubMed:23994470). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:23994470}.
Induction:		Induced 1.5-fold by hydroxyurea (PubMed:20005847). A shorter isoform, beta* is induced by UV treatment and also at low levels in late logarithmic/early stationary phase growth (at protein level) (PubMed:8576210). Beta* transcription induced by naldixic acid (PubMed:8576211). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:20005847, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576210, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576211}.
Biotechnology:		Small molecules can bind to the hydrophobic cleft and inhibit binding of various protein factors, suggesting this may make and attractive antibiotic target (PubMed:18678908). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18678908}.
Miscellaneous:		The temperature- and UV-sensitive allele dnaN159 does not grow at temperatures higher than 37 degrees Celsius. The global SOS response is chronically induced. The UV-sensitivity of dnaN159 is dependent upon Pol IV (dinB), it has an enhanced Pol V-dependent mutation rate (umuC, umuD), and is absolutely dependent on the polymerase activity of Pol I (polA) for viability. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:15466025}.
Miscellaneous:		[Isoform Beta]: Beta protein is expressed in late logarithmic/early stationary phase and induced by UV treatment (PubMed:8576210). Mutations in the Shine-Dalgarno region of beta* (some silent at the amino acid level) decrease production of beta* (PubMed:8576211). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576210, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:8576211}.
Similarity:		Belongs to the beta sliding clamp family. {ECO:0000305}.