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Growth factor/growth factor receptor PDB-id
1fq9
Asymmetric unit
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Contents
Description
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PROCHECK
Protein chains
129 a.a. *
211 a.a. *
196 a.a. *
Ligands
UAP-SGN-IDS-SGN-
IDS-SGN-IDU-SGN

UAP-SGN-IDS-SGN-
IDS-SGN


* Residue conservation analysis
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  Biological unit*, octamer
(*as deduced by PQS)
PDB id: 1fq9
Name: Growth factor/growth factor receptor
Title: Crystal structure of a ternary fgf2-fgfr1-heparin complex

Structure:
Fibroblast growth factor 2. Chain: a, b. Fragment: the b-trefoil core of fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf2). Synonym: fgf2. Engineered: yes. Mutation: yes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. Chain: c, d.

Source:
Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562. Expression_system_taxid: 562

Biological unit:
Octamer (from PQS)

UniProt:
Chains A, B: P09038 (FGF2_HUMAN)
Pfam  
Seq: 210 a.a.
Struc: 129 a.a.*

Chain C: P11362 (FGFR1_HUMAN)
Pfam  
Seq:
Struc:
Seq:
Struc:
Seq:
Struc:
Seq: 822 a.a.
Struc: 211 a.a.*

Chain D: P11362 (FGFR1_HUMAN)
Pfam  
Seq:
Struc:
Seq:
Struc:
Seq:
Struc:
Seq: 822 a.a.
Struc: 196 a.a.*
Key:    PfamA domain
 Secondary structure  CATH domain
* PDB and UniProt seqs differ at 4 residue positions (black crosses)

Enzyme class:
Chains C, D: E.C.2.7.10.1   [IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]

Reaction:
ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate

Resolution:
3.00Å

R-factor:
0.229

R-free:
0.282

Authors:
J.Schlessinger,A.N.Plotnikov,O.A.Ibrahimi,A.V.Eliseenkova, B.K.Yeh,A.Yayon,R.J.Linhardt,M.Mohammadi

Key ref:
J.Schlessinger et al. (2000). Crystal structure of a ternary FGF-FGFR-heparin complex reveals a dual role for heparin in FGFR binding and dimerization.. Mol Cell, 6, 743-750. [PubMed id: 11030354] [DOI: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00073-3]

Date:
04-Sep-00

Release date:
27-Sep-00

Related entries:
1cvs
crystal structure of fgf2-fgfr1 complex
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    Key reference    
 
 
DOI no: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00073-3 Mol Cell 6:743-750 (2000)
PubMed id: 11030354  
 
 
Crystal structure of a ternary FGF-FGFR-heparin complex reveals a dual role for heparin in FGFR binding and dimerization.
J.Schlessinger, A.N.Plotnikov, O.A.Ibrahimi, A.V.Eliseenkova, B.K.Yeh, A.Yayon, R.J.Linhardt, M.Mohammadi.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
The crystal structure of a dimeric 2:2:2 FGF:FGFR:heparin ternary complex at 3 A resolution has been determined. Within each 1:1 FGF:FGFR complex, heparin makes numerous contacts with both FGF and FGFR, thereby augmenting FGF-FGFR binding. Heparin also interacts with FGFR in the adjoining 1:1 FGF:FGFR complex to promote FGFR dimerization. The 6-O-sulfate group of heparin plays a pivotal role in mediating both interactions. The unexpected stoichiometry of heparin binding in the structure led us to propose a revised model for FGFR dimerization. Biochemical data in support of this model are also presented. This model provides a structural basis for FGFR activation by small molecule heparin analogs and may facilitate the design of heparin mimetics capable of modulating FGF signaling.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Electron Density Map of Decasaccharides Soaked into Preformed Crystals of an FGF2-FGFR1 Complex(A) Location of decasaccharides in the dimeric assemblage. Only the C[α] traces of D2s (cyan) and FGFs (orange) are shown. The decasaccharides are rendered in white sticks.(B) Stereo view of F[o] −F[c] electron density map computed after simulated annealing with decasaccharide omitted from the atomic model. The map is computed at 3.0 Šresolution and contoured at 1.8 σ. Sugar rings are labeled A through H starting at the nonreducing end of the decasaccharide. Atom coloring is as follows: oxygens in red, sulfurs in yellow, nitrogens in blue, and carbons in gray. This figure was made using Bobscript ([4]).
Figure 4.
Figure 4. The Two-End ModelMolecular surface representation of the dimeric 2:2:2 FGF2-FGFR1-heparin ternary complex. The view is from the top (same view as Figure 1A ) looking down into the heparin binding canyon. Surface coloring is as follows: FGF2 in orange and D2 in green. Only the first six sugar rings of the decasaccharides are rendered in ball-and-stick, and the nonreducing and reducing ends are labeled. This figure was created with GRASP ( [20]).
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Cell Press: Mol Cell (2000, 6, 743-750) copyright 2000.  
  Figures were selected by the author.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
19247306 A.Beenken, and M.Mohammadi (2009).
The FGF family: biology, pathophysiology and therapy.
  Nat Rev Drug Discov, 8, 235-253.  
19225542 B.C.Melnik, G.Schmitz, and C.C.Zouboulis (2009).
Anti-acne agents attenuate FGFR2 signal transduction in acne.
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19777059 E.V.Grigor'eva, A.I.Shevchenko, N.A.Mazurok, E.A.Elisaphenko, A.I.Zhelezova, A.G.Shilov, P.A.Dyban, A.P.Dyban, E.M.Noniashvili, S.Y.Slobodyanyuk, T.B.Nesterova, N.Brockdorff, and S.M.Zakian (2009).
FGF4 independent derivation of trophoblast stem cells from the common vole.
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19802384 F.Zong, E.Fthenou, N.Wolmer, P.Hollósi, I.Kovalszky, L.Szilák, C.Mogler, G.Nilsonne, G.Tzanakakis, and K.Dobra (2009).
Syndecan-1 and FGF-2, but not FGF receptor-1, share a common transport route and co-localize with heparanase in the nuclei of mesenchymal tumor cells.
  PLoS One, 4, e7346.  
19336402 J.Jia, M.Maccarana, X.Zhang, M.Bespalov, U.Lindahl, and J.P.Li (2009).
Lack of L-iduronic acid in heparan sulfate affects interaction with growth factors and cell signaling.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 15942-15950.  
19456850 J.Moreaux, A.C.Sprynski, S.R.Dillon, K.Mahtouk, M.Jourdan, A.Ythier, P.Moine, N.Robert, E.Jourdan, J.F.Rossi, and B.Klein (2009).
APRIL and TACI interact with syndecan-1 on the surface of multiple myeloma cells to form an essential survival loop.
  Eur J Haematol, 83, 119-129.  
19644449 J.N.Cash, C.A.Rejon, A.C.McPherron, D.J.Bernard, and T.B.Thompson (2009).
The structure of myostatin:follistatin 288: insights into receptor utilization and heparin binding.
  EMBO J, 28, 2662-2676.  
19219044 M.Harada, H.Murakami, A.Okawa, N.Okimoto, S.Hiraoka, T.Nakahara, R.Akasaka, Y.Shiraishi, N.Futatsugi, Y.Mizutani-Koseki, A.Kuroiwa, M.Shirouzu, S.Yokoyama, M.Taiji, S.Iseki, D.M.Ornitz, and H.Koseki (2009).
FGF9 monomer-dimer equilibrium regulates extracellular matrix affinity and tissue diffusion.
  Nat Genet, 41, 289-298.  
19574212 M.Zakrzewska, A.Wiedlocha, A.Szlachcic, D.Krowarsch, J.Otlewski, and S.Olsnes (2009).
Increased protein stability of FGF1 can compensate for its reduced affinity for heparin.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 25388-25403.  
19232135 Q.Zheng, Y.Zhang, Y.Chen, N.Yang, X.J.Wang, and D.Zhu (2009).
Systematic identification of genes involved in divergent skeletal muscle growth rates of broiler and layer chickens.
  BMC Genomics, 10, 87.  
19254961 S.Ashikari-Hada, H.Habuchi, N.Sugaya, T.Kobayashi, and K.Kimata (2009).
Specific inhibition of FGF-2 signaling with 2-O-sulfated octasaccharides of heparan sulfate.
  Glycobiology, 19, 644-654.  
19634127 S.Li, C.Christensen, L.B.Køhler, V.V.Kiselyov, V.Berezin, and E.Bock (2009).
Agonists of fibroblast growth factor receptor induce neurite outgrowth and survival of cerebellar granule neurons.
  Dev Neurobiol, 69, 837-854.  
19422094 Y.Hadari, and J.Schlessinger (2009).
FGFR3-targeted mAb therapy for bladder cancer and multiple myeloma.
  J Clin Invest, 119, 1077-1079.  
18392877 A.Beermann, and R.Schröder (2008).
Sites of Fgf signalling and perception during embryogenesis of the beetle Tribolium castaneum.
  Dev Genes Evol, 218, 153-167.  
18800386 D.G.Seidler, and R.Dreier (2008).
Decorin and its galactosaminoglycan chain: extracellular regulator of cellular function?
  IUBMB Life, 60, 729-733.  
18596921 J.Falardeau, W.C.Chung, A.Beenken, T.Raivio, L.Plummer, Y.Sidis, E.E.Jacobson-Dickman, A.V.Eliseenkova, J.Ma, A.Dwyer, R.Quinton, S.Na, J.E.Hall, C.Huot, N.Alois, S.H.Pearce, L.W.Cole, V.Hughes, M.Mohammadi, P.Tsai, and N.Pitteloud (2008).
Decreased FGF8 signaling causes deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans and mice.
  J Clin Invest, 118, 2822-2831.  
19086847 J.P.Lai, J.R.Thompson, D.S.Sandhu, and L.R.Roberts (2008).
Heparin-degrading sulfatases in hepatocellular carcinoma: roles in pathogenesis and therapy targets.
  Future Oncol, 4, 803-814.  
18573086 K.M.Ferguson (2008).
Structure-based view of epidermal growth factor receptor regulation.
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18156180 K.R.Catlow, J.A.Deakin, Z.Wei, M.Delehedde, D.G.Fernig, E.Gherardi, J.T.Gallagher, M.S.Pavão, and M.Lyon (2008).
Interactions of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor with various glycosaminoglycans reveal an important interplay between the presence of iduronate and sulfate density.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 5235-5248.  
18511454 K.Rose, S.Pallast, S.Klumpp, and J.Krieglstein (2008).
ATP-binding on fibroblast growth factor 2 partially overlaps with the heparin-binding domain.
  J Biochem, 144, 343-347.  
18065761 K.Tan, M.Duquette, J.H.Liu, K.Shanmugasundaram, A.Joachimiak, J.T.Gallagher, A.C.Rigby, J.H.Wang, and J.Lawler (2008).
Heparin-induced cis- and trans-dimerization modes of the thrombospondin-1 N-terminal domain.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 3932-3941.
PDB codes: 2es3 2ouh 2ouj
18359766 N.Fukuhara, J.A.Howitt, S.A.Hussain, and E.Hohenester (2008).
Structural and functional analysis of slit and heparin binding to immunoglobulin-like domains 1 and 2 of Drosophila Robo.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 16226-16234.
PDB codes: 2vr9 2vra
19090915 N.S.Gandhi, and R.L.Mancera (2008).
The structure of glycosaminoglycans and their interactions with proteins.
  Chem Biol Drug Des, 72, 455-482.  
18281280 N.Sugaya, H.Habuchi, N.Nagai, S.Ashikari-Hada, and K.Kimata (2008).
6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate differentially regulates various fibroblast growth factor-dependent signalings in culture.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 10366-10376.  
18330714 S.Hussain, M.Slevin, S.Matou, N.Ahmed, M.I.Choudhary, R.Ranjit, D.West, and J.Gaffney (2008).
Anti-angiogenic activity of sesterterpenes; natural product inhibitors of FGF-2-induced angiogenesis.
  Angiogenesis, 11, 245-256.  
18281281 S.J.Goodger, C.J.Robinson, K.J.Murphy, N.Gasiunas, N.J.Harmer, T.L.Blundell, D.A.Pye, and J.T.Gallagher (2008).
Evidence that heparin saccharides promote FGF2 mitogenesis through two distinct mechanisms.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 13001-13008.  
18667431 S.Nadanaka, M.Ishida, M.Ikegami, and H.Kitagawa (2008).
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  J Biol Chem, 283, 27333-27343.  
18385133 S.R.Pallerla, R.Lawrence, L.Lewejohann, Y.Pan, T.Fischer, U.Schlomann, X.Zhang, J.D.Esko, and K.Grobe (2008).
Altered heparan sulfate structure in mice with deleted NDST3 gene function.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 16885-16894.  
18230614 V.N.Patel, K.M.Likar, S.Zisman-Rozen, S.N.Cowherd, K.S.Lassiter, I.Sher, E.A.Yates, J.E.Turnbull, D.Ron, and M.P.Hoffman (2008).
Specific heparan sulfate structures modulate FGF10-mediated submandibular gland epithelial morphogenesis and differentiation.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 9308-9317.  
18165946 W.M.Abdel-Rahman, J.Kalinina, S.Shoman, S.Eissa, M.Ollikainen, O.Elomaa, A.V.Eliseenkova, R.Bützow, M.Mohammadi, and P.Peltomäki (2008).
Somatic FGF9 mutations in colorectal and endometrial carcinomas associated with membranous beta-catenin.
  Hum Mutat, 29, 390-397.  
18669637 W.Zhang, Y.Chen, M.R.Swift, E.Tassi, D.C.Stylianou, K.A.Gibby, A.T.Riegel, and A.Wellstein (2008).
Effect of FGF-binding Protein 3 on Vascular Permeability.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 28329-28337.  
18503048 X.Yue, X.Li, H.T.Nguyen, D.R.Chin, D.E.Sullivan, and J.A.Lasky (2008).
Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase 1 expression in vitro and in vivo.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 20397-20407.  
18505839 Y.Yang, S.Yuzawa, and J.Schlessinger (2008).
Contacts between membrane proximal regions of the PDGF receptor ectodomain are required for receptor activation but not for receptor dimerization.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 7681-7686.  
17627937 B.C.Lin, M.Wang, C.Blackmore, and L.R.Desnoyers (2007).
Liver-specific activities of FGF19 require Klotho beta.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 27277-27284.  
17848514 C.Morlot, N.M.Thielens, R.B.Ravelli, W.Hemrika, R.A.Romijn, P.Gros, S.Cusack, and A.A.McCarthy (2007).
Structural insights into the Slit-Robo complex.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 14923-14928.
PDB codes: 2v9q 2v9r 2v9s 2v9t
17593974 C.R.Holst, H.Bou-Reslan, B.B.Gore, K.Wong, D.Grant, S.Chalasani, R.A.Carano, G.D.Frantz, M.Tessier-Lavigne, B.Bolon, D.M.French, and A.Ashkenazi (2007).
Secreted sulfatases Sulf1 and Sulf2 have overlapping yet essential roles in mouse neonatal survival.
  PLoS ONE, 2, e575.  
17405859 C.W.Vander Kooi, M.A.Jusino, B.Perman, D.B.Neau, H.D.Bellamy, and D.J.Leahy (2007).
Structural basis for ligand and heparin binding to neuropilin B domains.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 6152-6157.
PDB codes: 2orx 2orz
17594020 E.Gemma, A.N.Hulme, A.Jahnke, L.Jin, M.Lyon, R.M.Müller, and D.Uhrín (2007).
DMT-MM mediated functionalisation of the non-reducing end of glycosaminoglycans.
  Chem Commun (Camb), 0, 2686-2688.  
17344212 G.Su, S.A.Blaine, D.Qiao, and A.Friedl (2007).
Shedding of syndecan-1 by stromal fibroblasts stimulates human breast cancer cell proliferation via FGF2 activation.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 14906-14915.  
17389037 G.Turashvili, J.Bouchal, K.Baumforth, W.Wei, M.Dziechciarkova, J.Ehrmann, J.Klein, E.Fridman, J.Skarda, J.Srovnal, M.Hajduch, P.Murray, and Z.Kolar (2007).
Novel markers for differentiation of lobular and ductal invasive breast carcinomas by laser microdissection and microarray analysis.
  BMC Cancer, 7, 55.  
17430896 H.Mori, C.Shukunami, A.Furuyama, H.Notsu, Y.Nishizaki, and Y.Hiraki (2007).
Immobilization of bioactive fibroblast growth factor-2 into cubic proteinous microcrystals (Bombyx mori cypovirus polyhedra) that are insoluble in a physiological cellular environment.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 17289-17296.  
17682060 I.Shams, E.Rohmann, V.P.Eswarakumar, E.D.Lew, S.Yuzawa, B.Wollnik, J.Schlessinger, and I.Lax (2007).
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome is caused by reduced activity of the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)-FGF receptor 2 signaling pathway.
  Mol Cell Biol, 27, 6903-6912.  
17143873 M.Roghani, and D.Moscatelli (2007).
Prostate cells express two isoforms of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 with different affinities for fibroblast growth factor-2.
  Prostate, 67, 115-124.  
  17277441 N.Kulahin, V.Kiselyov, A.Kochoyan, O.Kristensen, J.S.Kastrup, V.Berezin, E.Bock, and M.Gajhede (2007).
Structure of rat acidic fibroblast growth factor at 1.4 A resolution.
  Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun, 63, 65-68.
PDB code: 2j3p
17158104 P.M.Smallwood, J.Williams, Q.Xu, D.J.Leahy, and J.Nathans (2007).
Mutational analysis of Norrin-Frizzled4 recognition.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 4057-4068.  
17339340 R.Goetz, A.Beenken, O.A.Ibrahimi, J.Kalinina, S.K.Olsen, A.V.Eliseenkova, C.Xu, T.A.Neubert, F.Zhang, R.J.Linhardt, X.Yu, K.E.White, T.Inagaki, S.A.Kliewer, M.Yamamoto, H.Kurosu, Y.Ogawa, M.Kuro-o, B.Lanske, M.S.Razzaque, and M.Mohammadi (2007).
Molecular insights into the klotho-dependent, endocrine mode of action of fibroblast growth factor 19 subfamily members.
  Mol Cell Biol, 27, 3417-3428.
PDB codes: 2p23 2p39
17525467 T.J.Kamerzell, S.B.Joshi, D.McClean, L.Peplinskie, K.Toney, D.Papac, M.Li, and C.R.Middaugh (2007).
Parathyroid hormone is a heparin/polyanion binding protein: binding energetics and structure modification.
  Protein Sci, 16, 1193-1203.  
17493930 T.Kobayashi, H.Habuchi, K.Tamura, H.Ide, and K.Kimata (2007).
Essential role of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase in chick limb bud patterning and development.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 19589-19597.  
17360456 V.P.Eswarakumar, and J.Schlessinger (2007).
Skeletal overgrowth is mediated by deficiency in a specific isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 3937-3942.  
17635638 V.Vreys, and G.David (2007).
Mammalian heparanase: what is the message?
  J Cell Mol Med, 11, 427-452.  
17804794 W.D.Tolbert, J.Daugherty, C.Gao, Q.Xie, C.Miranti, E.Gherardi, G.V.Woude, and H.E.Xu (2007).
A mechanistic basis for converting a receptor tyrosine kinase agonist to an antagonist.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 14592-14597.
PDB codes: 2qj2 2qj4
17322644 Y.Arai, M.Fujita, A.Marui, K.Hirose, H.Sakaguchi, T.Ikeda, Y.Tabata, and M.Komeda (2007).
Combined treatment with sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor and heparin enhances neovascularization in hypercholesterolemic mouse hindlimb ischemia.
  Circ J, 71, 412-417.  
16995857 A.Canales, R.Lozano, B.López-Méndez, J.Angulo, R.Ojeda, P.M.Nieto, M.Martín-Lomas, G.Giménez-Gallego, and J.Jiménez-Barbero (2006).
Solution NMR structure of a human FGF-1 monomer, activated by a hexasaccharide heparin-analogue.
  FEBS J, 273, 4716-4727.
PDB code: 2erm
16937240 A.Canales-Mayordomo, R.Fayos, J.Angulo, R.Ojeda, M.Martín-Pastor, P.M.Nieto, M.Martín-Lomas, R.Lozano, G.Giménez-Gallego, and J.Jiménez-Barbero (2006).
Backbone dynamics of a biologically active human FGF-1 monomer, complexed to a hexasaccharide heparin-analogue, by 15N NMR relaxation methods.
  J Biomol NMR, 35, 225-239.  
17005551 E.Sanchez-Heras, F.V.Howell, G.Williams, and P.Doherty (2006).
The fibroblast growth factor receptor acid box is essential for interactions with N-cadherin and all of the major isoforms of neural cell adhesion molecule.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 35208-35216.  
16636895 F.Baba, K.Swartz, R.van Buren, J.Eickhoff, Y.Zhang, W.Wolberg, and A.Friedl (2006).
Syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 are overexpressed in an estrogen receptor-negative, highly proliferative breast carcinoma subtype.
  Breast Cancer Res Treat, 98, 91-98.  
16880267 J.Kreuger, D.Spillmann, J.P.Li, and U.Lindahl (2006).
Interactions between heparan sulfate and proteins: the concept of specificity.
  J Cell Biol, 174, 323-327.  
16966419 K.Kamimura, T.Koyama, H.Habuchi, R.Ueda, M.Masu, K.Kimata, and H.Nakato (2006).
Specific and flexible roles of heparan sulfate modifications in Drosophila FGF signaling.
  J Cell Biol, 174, 773-778.  
16829530 L.Duchesne, B.Tissot, T.R.Rudd, A.Dell, and D.G.Fernig (2006).
N-glycosylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 regulates ligand and heparan sulfate co-receptor binding.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 27178-27189.  
16373332 L.M.McDowell, B.A.Frazier, D.R.Studelska, K.Giljum, J.Chen, J.Liu, K.Yu, D.M.Ornitz, and L.Zhang (2006).
Inhibition or activation of Apert syndrome FGFR2 (S252W) signaling by specific glycosaminoglycans.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 6924-6930.  
16861274 M.A.Dupree, S.R.Pollack, E.M.Levine, and C.T.Laurencin (2006).
Fibroblast growth factor 2 induced proliferation in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells: a whole cell model.
  Biophys J, 91, 3097-3112.  
16902155 M.A.Weinreich, I.Lintmaer, L.Wang, H.D.Liggitt, M.A.Harkey, and C.A.Blau (2006).
Growth factor receptors as regulators of hematopoiesis.
  Blood, 108, 3713-3721.  
16373347 M.Ida, T.Shuo, K.Hirano, Y.Tokita, K.Nakanishi, F.Matsui, S.Aono, H.Fujita, Y.Fujiwara, T.Kaji, and A.Oohira (2006).
Identification and functions of chondroitin sulfate in the milieu of neural stem cells.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 5982-5991.  
16807244 N.Jastrebova, M.Vanwildemeersch, A.C.Rapraeger, G.Giménez-Gallego, U.Lindahl, and D.Spillmann (2006).
Heparan sulfate-related oligosaccharides in ternary complex formation with fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 and their receptors.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 26884-26892.  
16606836 N.Pitteloud, J.S.Acierno, A.Meysing, A.V.Eliseenkova, J.Ma, O.A.Ibrahimi, D.L.Metzger, F.J.Hayes, A.A.Dwyer, V.A.Hughes, M.Yialamas, J.E.Hall, E.Grant, M.Mohammadi, and W.F.Crowley (2006).
Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 cause both Kallmann syndrome and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 6281-6286.  
16834555 R.Sasisekharan, R.Raman, and V.Prabhakar (2006).
Glycomics approach to structure-function relationships of glycosaminoglycans.
  Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 8, 181-231.  
16945153 R.Villanueva, N.Morales-Peza, I.Castelán-Sánchez, E.García-Villa, R.Tapia, A.Cid-Arregui, A.García-Carrancá, E.López-Bayghen, and P.Gariglio (2006).
Heparin (GAG-hed) inhibits LCR activity of human papillomavirus type 18 by decreasing AP1 binding.
  BMC Cancer, 6, 218.  
17062560 S.A.Hussain, M.Piper, N.Fukuhara, L.Strochlic, G.Cho, J.A.Howitt, Y.Ahmed, A.K.Powell, J.E.Turnbull, C.E.Holt, and E.Hohenester (2006).
A molecular mechanism for the heparan sulfate dependence of slit-robo signaling.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 39693-39698.  
16384934 S.K.Olsen, J.Y.Li, C.Bromleigh, A.V.Eliseenkova, O.A.Ibrahimi, Z.Lao, F.Zhang, R.J.Linhardt, A.L.Joyner, and M.Mohammadi (2006).
Structural basis by which alternative splicing modulates the organizer activity of FGF8 in the brain.
  Genes Dev, 20, 185-198.
PDB code: 2fdb
16247452 T.Maeda, J.Desouky, and A.Friedl (2006).
Syndecan-1 expression by stromal fibroblasts promotes breast carcinoma growth in vivo and stimulates tumor angiogenesis.
  Oncogene, 25, 1408-1412.  
17132737 V.P.Eswarakumar, F.Ozcan, E.D.Lew, J.H.Bae, F.Tomé, C.J.Booth, D.J.Adams, I.Lax, and J.Schlessinger (2006).
Attenuation of signaling pathways stimulated by pathologically activated FGF-receptor 2 mutants prevents craniosynostosis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 18603-18608.  
17008716 V.V.Kiselyov, A.Kochoyan, F.M.Poulsen, E.Bock, and V.Berezin (2006).
Elucidation of the mechanism of the regulatory function of the Ig1 module of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.
  Protein Sci, 15, 2318-2322.  
16731982 V.V.Kiselyov, E.Bock, V.Berezin, and F.M.Poulsen (2006).
NMR structure of the first Ig module of mouse FGFR1.
  Protein Sci, 15, 1512-1515.
PDB code: 2ckn
17040907 W.Zhang, R.Swanson, Y.Xiong, B.Richard, and S.T.Olson (2006).
Antiangiogenic antithrombin blocks the heparan sulfate-dependent binding of proangiogenic growth factors to their endothelial cell receptors: evidence for differential binding of antiangiogenic and anticoagulant forms of antithrombin to proangiogenic heparan sulfate domains.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 37302-37310.  
16728399 Y.Luo, S.Ye, M.Kan, and W.L.McKeehan (2006).
Control of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7- and FGF1-induced mitogenesis and downstream signaling by distinct heparin octasaccharide motifs.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 21052-21061.  
16315317 Y.Luo, S.Ye, M.Kan, and W.L.McKeehan (2006).
Structural specificity in a FGF7-affinity purified heparin octasaccharide required for formation of a complex with FGF7 and FGFR2IIIb.
  J Cell Biochem, 97, 1241-1258.  
17200892 Y.Y.Shao, L.Wang, and R.T.Ballock (2006).
Thyroid hormone and the growth plate.
  Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 7, 265-271.  
15647251 A.Naggi, B.Casu, M.Perez, G.Torri, G.Cassinelli, S.Penco, C.Pisano, G.Giannini, R.Ishai-Michaeli, and I.Vlodavsky (2005).
Modulation of the heparanase-inhibiting activity of heparin through selective desulfation, graded N-acetylation, and glycol splitting.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 12103-12113.  
16027123 A.Sebollela, T.C.Cagliari, G.S.Limaverde, A.Chapeaurouge, M.H.Sorgine, T.Coelho-Sampaio, C.H.Ramos, and S.T.Ferreira (2005).
Heparin-binding sites in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Localization and regulation by histidine ionization.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 31949-31956.  
16219767 C.J.Robinson, N.J.Harmer, S.J.Goodger, T.L.Blundell, and J.T.Gallagher (2005).
Cooperative dimerization of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) upon a single heparin saccharide may drive the formation of 2:2:1 FGF1.FGFR2c.heparin ternary complexes.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 42274-42282.  
15781464 D.Rathore, R.Nagarkatti, D.Jani, R.Chattopadhyay, P.de la Vega, S.Kumar, and T.F.McCutchan (2005).
An immunologically cryptic epitope of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein facilitates liver cell recognition and induces protective antibodies that block liver cell invasion.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 20524-20529.  
16003721 G.Sajnani, A.R.Aricescu, E.Y.Jones, J.Gallagher, D.Alete, and A.Stoker (2005).
PTPsigma promotes retinal neurite outgrowth non-cell-autonomously.
  J Neurobiol, 65, 59-71.  
15806157 J.A.Joyce, C.Freeman, N.Meyer-Morse, C.R.Parish, and D.Hanahan (2005).
A functional heparan sulfate mimetic implicates both heparanase and heparan sulfate in tumor angiogenesis and invasion in a mouse model of multistage cancer.
  Oncogene, 24, 4037-4051.  
15817123 J.Li, J.Kleeff, I.Abiatari, H.Kayed, N.A.Giese, K.Felix, T.Giese, M.W.Büchler, and H.Friess (2005).
Enhanced levels of Hsulf-1 interfere with heparin-binding growth factor signaling in pancreatic cancer.
  Mol Cancer, 4, 14.  
15851487 K.Ingold, A.Zumsteg, A.Tardivel, B.Huard, Q.G.Steiner, T.G.Cachero, F.Qiang, L.Gorelik, S.L.Kalled, H.Acha-Orbea, P.D.Rennert, J.Tschopp, and P.Schneider (2005).
Identification of proteoglycans as the APRIL-specific binding partners.
  J Exp Med, 201, 1375-1383.  
15806140 K.McDonnell, E.T.Bowden, R.Cabal-Manzano, B.Hoxter, A.T.Riegel, and A.Wellstein (2005).
Vascular leakage in chick embryos after expression of a secreted binding protein for fibroblast growth factors.
  Lab Invest, 85, 747-755.  
16273147 L.Jin, P.E.Barran, J.A.Deakin, M.Lyon, and D.Uhrín (2005).
Conformation of glycosaminoglycans by ion mobility mass spectrometry and molecular modelling.
  Phys Chem Chem Phys, 7, 3464-3471.  
16331886 M.Morimoto-Tomita, K.Uchimura, A.Bistrup, D.H.Lum, M.Egeblad, N.Boudreau, Z.Werb, and S.D.Rosen (2005).
Sulf-2, a proangiogenic heparan sulfate endosulfatase, is upregulated in breast cancer.
  Neoplasia, 7, 1001-1010.  
15632068 O.A.Ibrahimi, B.K.Yeh, A.V.Eliseenkova, F.Zhang, S.K.Olsen, M.Igarashi, S.A.Aaronson, R.J.Linhardt, and M.Mohammadi (2005).
Analysis of mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and a pathogenic mutation in FGF receptor (FGFR) provides direct evidence for the symmetric two-end model for FGFR dimerization.
  Mol Cell Biol, 25, 671-684.  
15952892 T.M.Handel, Z.Johnson, S.E.Crown, E.K.Lau, and A.E.Proudfoot (2005).
Regulation of protein function by glycosaminoglycans--as exemplified by chemokines.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 74, 385-410.  
16079142 Z.L.Wu, and M.Lech (2005).
Characterizing the non-reducing end structure of heparan sulfate.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 33749-33755.  
15365636 C.Dodé, and J.P.Hardelin (2004).
Kallmann syndrome: fibroblast growth factor signaling insufficiency?
  J Mol Med, 82, 725-734.  
15573124 J.S.Lee, and C.B.Chien (2004).
When sugars guide axons: insights from heparan sulphate proteoglycan mutants.
  Nat Rev Genet, 5, 923-935.  
14699054 J.Y.Cho, C.Guo, M.Torello, G.P.Lunstrum, T.Iwata, C.Deng, and W.A.Horton (2004).
Defective lysosomal targeting of activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in achondroplasia.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 609-614.  
15334457 K.Nakano, Y.Okada, K.Saito, and Y.Tanaka (2004).
Induction of RANKL expression and osteoclast maturation by the binding of fibroblast growth factor 2 to heparan sulfate proteoglycan on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.
  Arthritis Rheum, 50, 2450-2458.  
14660620 K.Nogami, H.Suzuki, H.Habuchi, N.Ishiguro, H.Iwata, and K.Kimata (2004).
Distinctive expression patterns of heparan sulfate O-sulfotransferases and regional differences in heparan sulfate structure in chick limb buds.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 8219-8229.  
15049825 M.Banerjee, J.Copp, D.Vuga, M.Marino, T.Chapman, P.van der Geer, and P.Ghosh (2004).
GW domains of the Listeria monocytogenes invasion protein InlB are required for potentiation of Met activation.
  Mol Microbiol, 52, 257-271.  
14688794 R.T.Böttcher, N.Pollet, H.Delius, and C.Niehrs (2004).
The transmembrane protein XFLRT3 forms a complex with FGF receptors and promotes FGF signalling.
  Nat Cell Biol, 6, 38-44.  
14732692 S.K.Olsen, O.A.Ibrahimi, A.Raucci, F.Zhang, A.V.Eliseenkova, A.Yayon, C.Basilico, R.J.Linhardt, J.Schlessinger, and M.Mohammadi (2004).
Insights into the molecular basis for fibroblast growth factor receptor autoinhibition and ligand-binding promiscuity.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 935-940.
PDB code: 1ry7
15493058 S.R.Hanson, M.D.Best, and C.H.Wong (2004).
Sulfatases: structure, mechanism, biological activity, inhibition, and synthetic utility.
  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 43, 5736-5763.  
15258595 S.Shaunak, S.Thomas, E.Gianasi, A.Godwin, E.Jones, I.Teo, K.Mireskandari, P.Luthert, R.Duncan, S.Patterson, P.Khaw, and S.Brocchini (2004).
Polyvalent dendrimer glucosamine conjugates prevent scar tissue formation.
  Nat Biotechnol, 22, 977-984.  
15051888 S.Wang, X.Ai, S.D.Freeman, M.E.Pownall, Q.Lu, D.S.Kessler, and C.P.Emerson (2004).
QSulf1, a heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase, inhibits fibroblast growth factor signaling in mesoderm induction and angiogenesis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 4833-4838.  
15178763 V.K.Ganesh, S.A.Smith, G.J.Kotwal, and K.H.Murthy (2004).
Structure of vaccinia complement protein in complex with heparin and potential implications for complement regulation.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 8924-8929.
PDB code: 1rid
15459677 Z.Shriver, S.Raguram, and R.Sasisekharan (2004).
Glycomics: a pathway to a class of new and improved therapeutics.
  Nat Rev Drug Discov, 3, 863-873.  
12496262 A.Facchiano, K.Russo, A.M.Facchiano, F.De Marchis, F.Facchiano, D.Ribatti, M.S.Aguzzi, and M.C.Capogrossi (2003).
Identification of a novel domain of fibroblast growth factor 2 controlling its angiogenic properties.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 8751-8760.  
12591959 B.K.Yeh, M.Igarashi, A.V.Eliseenkova, A.N.Plotnikov, I.Sher, D.Ron, S.A.Aaronson, and M.Mohammadi (2003).
Structural basis by which alternative splicing confers specificity in fibroblast growth factor receptors.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 2266-2271.
PDB code: 1nun
14502567 C.Ito, Y.Saitoh, Y.Fujita, Y.Yamazaki, T.Imamura, S.Oka, and S.Suzuki (2003).
Decapeptide with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-5 partial sequence inhibits hair growth suppressing activity of FGF-5.
  J Cell Physiol, 197, 272-283.  
12591930 D.Qiao, K.Meyer, C.Mundhenke, S.A.Drew, and A.Friedl (2003).
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as regulators of fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in brain endothelial cells. Specific role for glypican-1 in glioma angiogenesis.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 16045-16053.  
12904297 D.Rathore, S.C.Hrstka, J.B.Sacci, P.De la Vega, R.J.Linhardt, S.Kumar, and T.F.McCutchan (2003).
Molecular mechanism of host specificity in Plasmodium falciparum infection: role of circumsporozoite protein.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 40905-40910.  
12730587 J.Schlessinger (2003).
Signal transduction. Autoinhibition control.
  Science, 300, 750-752.  
14616070 K.L.Kramer, and H.J.Yost (2003).
Heparan sulfate core proteins in cell-cell signaling.
  Annu Rev Genet, 37, 461-484.  
14514688 M.Borgenström, M.Jalkanen, and M.Salmivirta (2003).
Sulfated derivatives of Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharides as modulators of fibroblast growth factor signaling.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 49882-49889.  
12791136 M.P.Machner, S.Frese, W.D.Schubert, V.Orian-Rousseau, E.Gherardi, J.Wehland, H.H.Niemann, and D.W.Heinz (2003).
Aromatic amino acids at the surface of InlB are essential for host cell invasion by Listeria monocytogenes.
  Mol Microbiol, 48, 1525-1536.  
12604799 R.Raman, G.Venkataraman, S.Ernst, V.Sasisekharan, and R.Sasisekharan (2003).
Structural specificity of heparin binding in the fibroblast growth factor family of proteins.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 2357-2362.  
12815063 S.K.Olsen, M.Garbi, N.Zampieri, A.V.Eliseenkova, D.M.Ornitz, M.Goldfarb, and M.Mohammadi (2003).
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologous factors share structural but not functional homology with FGFs.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 34226-34236.
PDB code: 1q1u
12847110 T.Merkulova-Rainon, P.England, S.Ding, C.Demerens, and G.Tobelem (2003).
The N-terminal domain of hepatocyte growth factor inhibits the angiogenic behavior of endothelial cells independently from binding to the c-met receptor.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 37400-37408.  
12752430 W.Nickel (2003).
The mystery of nonclassical protein secretion. A current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes.
  Eur J Biochem, 270, 2109-2119.  
12860968 X.Ai, A.T.Do, O.Lozynska, M.Kusche-Gullberg, U.Lindahl, and C.P.Emerson (2003).
QSulf1 remodels the 6-O sulfation states of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans to promote Wnt signaling.
  J Cell Biol, 162, 341-351.  
14745970 X.Coumoul, and C.X.Deng (2003).
Roles of FGF receptors in mammalian development and congenital diseases.
  Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 69, 286-304.  
14528293 Z.Kato, J.Jee, H.Shikano, M.Mishima, I.Ohki, H.Ohnishi, A.Li, K.Hashimoto, E.Matsukuma, K.Omoya, Y.Yamamoto, T.Yoneda, T.Hara, N.Kondo, and M.Shirakawa (2003).
The structure and binding mode of interleukin-18.
  Nat Struct Biol, 10, 966-971.
PDB code: 1j0s
12604602 Z.L.Wu, L.Zhang, T.Yabe, B.Kuberan, D.L.Beeler, A.Love, and R.D.Rosenberg (2003).
The involvement of heparan sulfate (HS) in FGF1/HS/FGFR1 signaling complex.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 17121-17129.  
12205097 A.I.Arunkumar, S.Srisailam, T.K.Kumar, K.M.Kathir, Y.H.Chi, H.M.Wang, G.G.Chang, I.Chiu, and C.Yu (2002).
Structure and stability of an acidic fibroblast growth factor from Notophthalmus viridescens.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 46424-46432.
PDB code: 1fmm
11967362 A.I.Arunkumar, T.K.Kumar, K.M.Kathir, S.Srisailam, H.M.Wang, P.S.Leena, Y.H.Chi, H.C.Chen, C.H.Wu, R.T.Wu, G.G.Chang, I.M.Chiu, and C.Yu (2002).
Oligomerization of acidic fibroblast growth factor is not a prerequisite for its cell proliferation activity.
  Protein Sci, 11, 1050-1061.  
12034712 A.K.Powell, D.G.Fernig, and J.E.Turnbull (2002).
Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2 interact differently with heparin/heparan sulfate. Implications for dynamic assembly of a ternary signaling complex.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 28554-28563.  
11865065 A.R.Aricescu, I.W.McKinnell, W.Halfter, and A.W.Stoker (2002).
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ligands for receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma.
  Mol Cell Biol, 22, 1881-1892.  
12242295 B.K.Yeh, A.V.Eliseenkova, A.N.Plotnikov, D.Green, J.Pinnell, T.Polat, A.Gritli-Linde, R.J.Linhardt, and M.Mohammadi (2002).
Structural basis for activation of fibroblast growth factor signaling by sucrose octasulfate.
  Mol Cell Biol, 22, 7184-7192.  
12077148 B.M.Loo, and M.Salmivirta (2002).
Heparin/Heparan sulfate domains in binding and signaling of fibroblast growth factor 8b.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 32616-32623.  
11751898 D.Rathore, J.B.Sacci, P.de la Vega, and T.F.McCutchan (2002).
Binding and invasion of liver cells by Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Essential involvement of the amino terminus of circumsporozoite protein.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 7092-7098.  
12491369 I.Capila, and R.J.Linhardt (2002).
Heparin-protein interactions.
  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 41, 391-412.  
12045103 J.D.Esko, and S.B.Selleck (2002).
Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in heparan sulfate.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 71, 435-471.  
12456637 J.Kreuger, T.Matsumoto, M.Vanwildemeersch, T.Sasaki, R.Timpl, L.Claesson-Welsh, D.Spillmann, and U.Lindahl (2002).
Role of heparan sulfate domain organization in endostatin inhibition of endothelial cell function.
  EMBO J, 21, 6303-6311.  
11746174 J.Liu, and S.C.Thorp (2002).
Cell surface heparan sulfate and its roles in assisting viral infections.
  Med Res Rev, 22, 1.  
12215437 J.M.Trowbridge, J.A.Rudisill, D.Ron, and R.L.Gallo (2002).
Dermatan sulfate binds and potentiates activity of keratinocyte growth factor (FGF-7).
  J Biol Chem, 277, 42815-42820.  
12084721 R.Köhl, M.Antoine, K.Reimers, and P.Kiefer (2002).
FGF3 attached to a phosholipid membrane anchor gains a high transforming capacity. Implications of microdomains for FGF3 cell transformation.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 32760-32767.  
12094238 R.Sasisekharan, Z.Shriver, G.Venkataraman, and U.Narayanasami (2002).
Roles of heparan-sulphate glycosaminoglycans in cancer.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 2, 521-528.  
12210841 S.Winkler, R.C.Stahl, D.J.Carey, and R.Bansal (2002).
Syndecan-3 and perlecan are differentially expressed by progenitors and mature oligodendrocytes and accumulate in the extracellular matrix.
  J Neurosci Res, 69, 477-487.  
12226076 T.Srimathi, T.K.Kumar, Y.H.Chi, I.M.Chiu, and C.Yu (2002).
Characterization of the structure and dynamics of a near-native equilibrium intermediate in the unfolding pathway of an all beta-barrel protein.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 47507-47516.  
11416216 B.Cao, Y.Su, M.Oskarsson, P.Zhao, E.J.Kort, R.J.Fisher, L.M.Wang, and G.F.Vande Woude (2001).
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) display antitumor activity in animal models.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 7443-7448.  
11724824 B.L.Allen, M.S.Filla, and A.C.Rapraeger (2001).
Role of heparan sulfate as a tissue-specific regulator of FGF-4 and FGF receptor recognition.
  J Cell Biol, 155, 845-858.  
11356970 C.W.Mandl, H.Kroschewski, S.L.Allison, R.Kofler, H.Holzmann, T.Meixner, and F.X.Heinz (2001).
Adaptation of tick-borne encephalitis virus to BHK-21 cells results in the formation of multiple heparan sulfate binding sites in the envelope protein and attenuation in vivo.
  J Virol, 75, 5627-5637.  
11746231 C.Z.Borland, J.L.Schutzman, and M.J.Stern (2001).
Fibroblast growth factor signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  Bioessays, 23, 1120-1130.  
11597998 D.Lietha, D.Y.Chirgadze, B.Mulloy, T.L.Blundell, and E.Gherardi (2001).
Crystal structures of NK1-heparin complexes reveal the basis for NK1 activity and enable engineering of potent agonists of the MET receptor.
  EMBO J, 20, 5543-5555.
PDB codes: 1gmn 1gmo
  11276432 D.M.Ornitz, and N.Itoh (2001).
Fibroblast growth factors.
  Genome Biol, 2, REVIEWS3005.  
11571292 E.J.Williams, G.Williams, F.V.Howell, S.D.Skaper, F.S.Walsh, and P.Doherty (2001).
Identification of an N-cadherin motif that can interact with the fibroblast growth factor receptor and is required for axonal growth.
  J Biol Chem, 276, 43879-43886.  
  11489926 J.T.Gallagher (2001).
Heparan sulfate: growth control with a restricted sequence menu.
  J Clin Invest, 108, 357-361.  
11390973 O.A.Ibrahimi, A.V.Eliseenkova, A.N.Plotnikov, K.Yu, D.M.Ornitz, and M.Mohammadi (2001).
Structural basis for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 activation in Apert syndrome.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 7182-7187.
PDB codes: 1ii4 1iil
11486033 P.Bellosta, A.Iwahori, A.N.Plotnikov, A.V.Eliseenkova, C.Basilico, and M.Mohammadi (2001).
Identification of receptor and heparin binding sites in fibroblast growth factor 4 by structure-based mutagenesis.
  Mol Cell Biol, 21, 5946-5957.
PDB code: 1ijt
11551944 Z.Zhang, C.Coomans, and G.David (2001).
Membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan-supported FGF2-FGFR1 signaling: evidence in support of the "cooperative end structures" model.
  J Biol Chem, 276, 41921-41929.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.