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Cell cycle PDB id
2azm
Jmol
Contents
Protein chains
193 a.a. *
Ligands
ALA-SEP-GLN-GLU-
TYR ×2
Waters ×351
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
2azm
Name: Cell cycle
Title: Crystal structure of the mdc1 brct repeat in complex with the histone tail of gamma-h2ax
Structure: Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1. Chain: a, b. Fragment: brct repeat. Synonym: nuclear factor with brct domains 1. Engineered: yes. Gamma-h2ax histone. Chain: c, d. Synonym: histone h2afx. Engineered: yes
Source: Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Gene: mdc1. Expressed in: escherichia coli bl21. Expression_system_taxid: 511693. Synthetic: yes. Other_details: gamma h2ax synthetic peptide
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
2.41Å     R-factor:   0.194     R-free:   0.248
Authors: J.A.Clapperton,M.Stucki,D.Mohammad,M.B.Yaffe,S.P.Jackson, S.J.Smerdon
Key ref:
M.Stucki et al. (2005). MDC1 directly binds phosphorylated histone H2AX to regulate cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks. Cell, 123, 1213-1226. PubMed id: 16377563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.038
Date:
12-Sep-05     Release date:   31-Jan-06    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q14676  (MDC1_HUMAN) -  Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		2089 a.a.
193 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  PfamB domain  Secondary structure

 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     intracellular   1 term 

 

 
DOI no: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.038 Cell 123:1213-1226 (2005)
PubMed id: 16377563  
 
 
MDC1 directly binds phosphorylated histone H2AX to regulate cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks.
M.Stucki, J.A.Clapperton, D.Mohammad, M.B.Yaffe, S.J.Smerdon, S.P.Jackson.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
Histone variant H2AX phosphorylation in response to DNA damage is the major signal for recruitment of DNA-damage-response proteins to regions of damaged chromatin. Loss of H2AX causes radiosensitivity, genome instability, and DNA double-strand-break repair defects, yet the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that mammalian MDC1/NFBD1 directly binds to phospho-H2AX (gammaH2AX) by specifically interacting with the phosphoepitope at the gammaH2AX carboxyl terminus. Moreover, through a combination of biochemical, cell-biological, and X-ray crystallographic approaches, we reveal the molecular details of the MDC1/NFBD1-gammaH2AX complex. These data provide compelling evidence that the MDC1/NFBD1 BRCT repeat domain is the major mediator of gammaH2AX recognition following DNA damage. We further show that MDC1/NFBD1-gammaH2AX complex formation regulates H2AX phosphorylation and is required for normal radioresistance and efficient accumulation of DNA-damage-response proteins on damaged chromatin. Thus, binding of MDC1/NFBD1 to gammaH2AX plays a central role in the mammalian response to DNA damage.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 1.
Figure 1. MDC1 Interacts Directly with a H2AX Phosphopeptide via Its BRCT Domains 		Figure 3.
Figure 3. MDC1 Recognition of the H2AX C Terminus
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Cell Press: Cell (2005, 123, 1213-1226) copyright 2005.  
  Figures were selected by an automated process.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
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PDB codes: 2xnh 2xnk
21423274 M.Yun, J.Wu, J.L.Workman, and B.Li (2011).
Readers of histone modifications.
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21426255 R.M.Blundred, and G.S.Stewart (2011).
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PDB code: 3jve
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Chemical tools in chromatin research.
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The NuRD chromatin-remodeling complex regulates signaling and repair of DNA damage.
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20460517 H.Cha, J.M.Lowe, H.Li, J.S.Lee, G.I.Belova, D.V.Bulavin, and A.J.Fornace (2010).
Wip1 directly dephosphorylates gamma-H2AX and attenuates the DNA damage response.
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20679231 J.H.Lee, M.L.Choy, L.Ngo, S.S.Foster, and P.A.Marks (2010).
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20094029 J.S.Williams, R.S.Williams, C.L.Dovey, G.Guenther, J.A.Tainer, and P.Russell (2010).
gammaH2A binds Brc1 to maintain genome integrity during S-phase.
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PDB codes: 3l40 3l41
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The role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response.
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MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex dictates DNA repair independent of H2AX.
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20923397 K.L.Yap, and M.M.Zhou (2010).
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gammaH2AX: a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage and repair.
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BRCA1 and its toolbox for the maintenance of genome integrity.
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19925808 M.W.Richards, J.W.Leung, S.M.Roe, K.Li, J.Chen, and R.Bayliss (2010).
A pocket on the surface of the N-terminal BRCT domain of Mcph1 is required to prevent abnormal chromosome condensation.
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PDB code: 2wt8
20739309 M.Wang, M.W.Mok, H.Harper, W.H.Lee, J.Min, S.Knapp, U.Oppermann, B.Marsden, and M.Schapira (2010).
Structural genomics of histone tail recognition.
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20008512 O.J.Becherel, B.Jakob, A.L.Cherry, N.Gueven, M.Fusser, A.W.Kijas, C.Peng, S.Katyal, P.J.McKinnon, J.Chen, B.Epe, S.J.Smerdon, G.Taucher-Scholz, and M.F.Lavin (2010).
CK2 phosphorylation-dependent interaction between aprataxin and MDC1 in the DNA damage response.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 1489-1503.
PDB code: 3kt9
20112283 Q.Zhu, and A.A.Wani (2010).
Histone modifications: crucial elements for damage response and chromatin restoration.
  J Cell Physiol, 223, 283-288.  
20871591 R.Cescutti, S.Negrini, M.Kohzaki, and T.D.Halazonetis (2010).
TopBP1 functions with 53BP1 in the G1 DNA damage checkpoint.
  EMBO J, 29, 3723-3732.  
20693977 S.E.Polo, A.Kaidi, L.Baskcomb, Y.Galanty, and S.P.Jackson (2010).
Regulation of DNA-damage responses and cell-cycle progression by the chromatin remodelling factor CHD4.
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20660628 S.Giunta, R.Belotserkovskaya, and S.P.Jackson (2010).
DNA damage signaling in response to double-strand breaks during mitosis.
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20159462 S.J.Campbell, R.A.Edwards, and J.N.Glover (2010).
Comparison of the structures and peptide binding specificities of the BRCT domains of MDC1 and BRCA1.
  Structure, 18, 167-176.
PDB codes: 3k05 3k0h 3k0k 3k15 3k16
20224865 S.Jungmichel, and M.Stucki (2010).
MDC1: The art of keeping things in focus.
  Chromosoma, 119, 337-349.  
20729195 S.M.Belgnaoui, K.A.Fryrear, J.O.Nyalwidhe, X.Guo, and O.J.Semmes (2010).
The viral oncoprotein tax sequesters DNA damage response factors by tethering MDC1 to chromatin.
  J Biol Chem, 285, 32897-32905.  
20080757 S.Ramachandran, R.Chahwan, R.M.Nepal, D.Frieder, S.Panier, S.Roa, A.Zaheen, D.Durocher, M.D.Scharff, and A.Martin (2010).
The RNF8/RNF168 ubiquitin ligase cascade facilitates class switch recombination.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 809-814.  
20661445 S.Rozenzhak, E.Mejía-Ramírez, J.S.Williams, L.Schaffer, J.A.Hammond, S.R.Head, and P.Russell (2010).
Rad3 decorates critical chromosomal domains with gammaH2A to protect genome integrity during S-Phase in fission yeast.
  PLoS Genet, 6, e1001032.  
  21050475 S.Tikoo, and S.Sengupta (2010).
Time to bloom.
  Genome Integr, 1, 14.  
  21054854 T.Bohgaki, M.Bohgaki, and R.Hakem (2010).
DNA double-strand break signaling and human disorders.
  Genome Integr, 1, 15.  
  20862368 T.Ochi, B.L.Sibanda, Q.Wu, D.Y.Chirgadze, V.M.Bolanos-Garcia, and T.L.Blundell (2010).
Structural biology of DNA repair: spatial organisation of the multicomponent complexes of nonhomologous end joining.
  J Nucleic Acids, 2010, 0.  
20107607 Y.Liang, H.Gao, S.Y.Lin, G.Peng, X.Huang, P.Zhang, J.A.Goss, F.C.Brunicardi, A.S.Multani, S.Chang, and K.Li (2010).
BRIT1/MCPH1 is essential for mitotic and meiotic recombination DNA repair and maintaining genomic stability in mice.
  PLoS Genet, 6, e1000826.  
  20160506 Y.Sun, X.Jiang, and B.D.Price (2010).
Tip60: connecting chromatin to DNA damage signaling.
  Cell Cycle, 9, 930-936.  
20876283 Y.Xu, Y.Sun, X.Jiang, M.K.Ayrapetov, P.Moskwa, S.Yang, D.M.Weinstock, and B.D.Price (2010).
The p400 ATPase regulates nucleosome stability and chromatin ubiquitination during DNA repair.
  J Cell Biol, 191, 31-43.  
19772495 A.J.Hartlerode, and R.Scully (2009).
Mechanisms of double-strand break repair in somatic mammalian cells.
  Biochem J, 423, 157-168.  
19805520 A.Ray, S.N.Mir, G.Wani, Q.Zhao, A.Battu, Q.Zhu, Q.E.Wang, and A.A.Wani (2009).
Human SNF5/INI1, a component of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, promotes nucleotide excision repair by influencing ATM recruitment and downstream H2AX phosphorylation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 29, 6206-6219.  
19092802 A.Xiao, H.Li, D.Shechter, S.H.Ahn, L.A.Fabrizio, H.Erdjument-Bromage, S.Ishibe-Murakami, B.Wang, P.Tempst, K.Hofmann, D.J.Patel, S.J.Elledge, and C.D.Allis (2009).
WSTF regulates the H2A.X DNA damage response via a novel tyrosine kinase activity.
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19285939 B.Shiotani, and L.Zou (2009).
Single-stranded DNA orchestrates an ATM-to-ATR switch at DNA breaks.
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19880356 C.C.Nnakwe, M.Altaf, J.Côté, and S.J.Kron (2009).
Dissection of Rad9 BRCT domain function in the mitotic checkpoint response to telomere uncapping.
  DNA Repair (Amst), 8, 1452-1461.  
19203579 C.Doil, N.Mailand, S.Bekker-Jensen, P.Menard, D.H.Larsen, R.Pepperkok, J.Ellenberg, S.Panier, D.Durocher, J.Bartek, J.Lukas, and C.Lukas (2009).
RNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins.
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A distinct H2A.X isoform is enriched in Xenopus laevis eggs and early embryos and is phosphorylated in the absence of a checkpoint.
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19203578 G.S.Stewart, S.Panier, K.Townsend, A.K.Al-Hakim, N.K.Kolas, E.S.Miller, S.Nakada, J.Ylanko, S.Olivarius, M.Mendez, C.Oldreive, J.Wildenhain, A.Tagliaferro, L.Pelletier, N.Taubenheim, A.Durandy, P.J.Byrd, T.Stankovic, A.M.Taylor, and D.Durocher (2009).
The RIDDLE syndrome protein mediates a ubiquitin-dependent signaling cascade at sites of DNA damage.
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HARPing on about the DNA damage response during replication.
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PDB codes: 3hue 3huf
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19884884 W.Fischle (2009).
Tip60-ing the balance in DSB repair.
  Nat Cell Biol, 11, 1279-1281.  
20016603 Y.Galanty, R.Belotserkovskaya, J.Coates, S.Polo, K.M.Miller, and S.P.Jackson (2009).
Mammalian SUMO E3-ligases PIAS1 and PIAS4 promote responses to DNA double-strand breaks.
  Nature, 462, 935-939.  
19819145 Z.Nagy, and E.Soutoglou (2009).
DNA repair: easy to visualize, difficult to elucidate.
  Trends Cell Biol, 19, 617-629.  
18363429 A.Asaithamby, N.Uematsu, A.Chatterjee, M.D.Story, S.Burma, and D.J.Chen (2008).
Repair of HZE-particle-induced DNA double-strand breaks in normal human fibroblasts.
  Radiat Res, 169, 437-446.  
18772227 A.Kinner, W.Wu, C.Staudt, and G.Iliakis (2008).
Gamma-H2AX in recognition and signaling of DNA double-strand breaks in the context of chromatin.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 36, 5678-5694.  
18579587 A.Kumar, W.S.Joo, G.Meinke, S.Moine, E.N.Naumova, and P.A.Bullock (2008).
Evidence for a structural relationship between BRCT domains and the helicase domains of the replication initiators encoded by the Polyomaviridae and Papillomaviridae families of DNA tumor viruses.
  J Virol, 82, 8849-8862.  
18622584 B.Yin, and C.H.Bassing (2008).
The sticky business of histone H2AX in V(D)J recombination, maintenance of genomic stability, and suppression of lymphoma.
  Immunol Res, 42, 29-40.  
18411308 C.Spycher, E.S.Miller, K.Townsend, L.Pavic, N.A.Morrice, P.Janscak, G.S.Stewart, and M.Stucki (2008).
Constitutive phosphorylation of MDC1 physically links the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex to damaged chromatin.
  J Cell Biol, 181, 227-240.  
18582474 C.Xu, L.Wu, G.Cui, M.V.Botuyan, J.Chen, and G.Mer (2008).
Structure of a second BRCT domain identified in the nijmegen breakage syndrome protein Nbs1 and its function in an MDC1-dependent localization of Nbs1 to DNA damage sites.
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PDB code: 2k2w
18483401 E.Soutoglou, and T.Misteli (2008).
Activation of the cellular DNA damage response in the absence of DNA lesions.
  Science, 320, 1507-1510.  
18411307 F.Melander, S.Bekker-Jensen, J.Falck, J.Bartek, N.Mailand, and J.Lukas (2008).
Phosphorylation of SDT repeats in the MDC1 N terminus triggers retention of NBS1 at the DNA damage-modified chromatin.
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18574463 F.d'Adda di Fagagna (2008).
Living on a break: cellular senescence as a DNA-damage response.
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18704159 H.M.O'Hagan, H.P.Mohammad, and S.B.Baylin (2008).
Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island.
  PLoS Genet, 4, e1000155.  
18095327 I.H.Ismail, and M.J.Hendzel (2008).
The gamma-H2A.X: Is it just a surrogate marker of double-strand breaks or much more?
  Environ Mol Mutagen, 49, 73-82.  
18632984 J.Guirouilh-Barbat, C.Redon, and Y.Pommier (2008).
Transcription-coupled DNA double-strand breaks are mediated via the nucleotide excision repair and the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex.
  Mol Biol Cell, 19, 3969-3981.  
18430235 J.H.Vissers, F.Nicassio, M.van Lohuizen, P.P.Di Fiore, and E.Citterio (2008).
The many faces of ubiquitinated histone H2A: insights from the DUBs.
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18583988 J.R.Chapman, and S.P.Jackson (2008).
Phospho-dependent interactions between NBS1 and MDC1 mediate chromatin retention of the MRN complex at sites of DNA damage.
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18370922 J.Stavnezer, J.E.Guikema, and C.E.Schrader (2008).
Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination.
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18550271 J.Yan, and A.M.Jetten (2008).
RAP80 and RNF8, key players in the recruitment of repair proteins to DNA damage sites.
  Cancer Lett, 271, 179-190.  
  19001859 K.A.Wilson, and D.F.Stern (2008).
NFBD1/MDC1, 53BP1 and BRCA1 have both redundant and unique roles in the ATM pathway.
  Cell Cycle, 7, 3584-3594.  
18434539 K.Hastak, R.K.Paul, M.K.Agarwal, V.S.Thakur, A.R.Amin, S.Agrawal, R.M.Sramkoski, J.W.Jacobberger, M.W.Jackson, G.R.Stark, and M.L.Agarwal (2008).
DNA synthesis from unbalanced nucleotide pools causes limited DNA damage that triggers ATR-CHK1-dependent p53 activation.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 6314-6319.  
18406329 K.Heo, H.Kim, S.H.Choi, J.Choi, K.Kim, J.Gu, M.R.Lieber, A.S.Yang, and W.An (2008).
FACT-mediated exchange of histone variant H2AX regulated by phosphorylation of H2AX and ADP-ribosylation of Spt16.
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18504301 K.Minter-Dykhouse, I.Ward, M.S.Huen, J.Chen, and Z.Lou (2008).
Distinct versus overlapping functions of MDC1 and 53BP1 in DNA damage response and tumorigenesis.
  J Cell Biol, 181, 727-735.  
17599047 L.J.Jeffers, B.J.Coull, S.J.Stack, and C.G.Morrison (2008).
Distinct BRCT domains in Mcph1/Brit1 mediate ionizing radiation-induced focus formation and centrosomal localization.
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18678890 L.Wu, K.Luo, Z.Lou, and J.Chen (2008).
MDC1 regulates intra-S-phase checkpoint by targeting NBS1 to DNA double-strand breaks.
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18676809 M.L.Kilkenny, A.S.Doré, S.M.Roe, K.Nestoras, J.C.Ho, F.Z.Watts, and L.H.Pearl (2008).
Structural and functional analysis of the Crb2-BRCT2 domain reveals distinct roles in checkpoint signaling and DNA damage repair.
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PDB codes: 2vxb 2vxc
18087291 M.S.Huen, and J.Chen (2008).
The DNA damage response pathways: at the crossroad of protein modifications.
  Cell Res, 18, 8.  
18678647 M.S.Huen, J.Huang, J.Yuan, M.Yamamoto, S.Akira, C.Ashley, W.Xiao, and J.Chen (2008).
Noncanonical E2 variant-independent function of UBC13 in promoting checkpoint protein assembly.
  Mol Cell Biol, 28, 6104-6112.  
18313386 Q.Wang, F.Gao, W.S.May, Y.Zhang, T.Flagg, and X.Deng (2008).
Bcl2 negatively regulates DNA double-strand-break repair through a nonhomologous end-joining pathway.
  Mol Cell, 29, 488-498.  
18842000 R.A.Edwards, M.S.Lee, S.E.Tsutakawa, R.S.Williams, J.A.Tainer, and J.N.Glover (2008).
The BARD1 C-terminal domain structure and interactions with polyadenylation factor CstF-50.
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18369654 R.A.Greenberg (2008).
Recognition of DNA double strand breaks by the BRCA1 tumor suppressor network.
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18337245 R.Sakasai, and R.Tibbetts (2008).
RNF8-dependent and RNF8-independent regulation of 53BP1 in response to DNA damage.
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18758438 S.Nakada, G.I.Chen, A.C.Gingras, and D.Durocher (2008).
PP4 is a gammaH2AX phosphatase required for recovery from the DNA damage checkpoint.
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18283122 S.Sivasubramaniam, X.Sun, Y.R.Pan, S.Wang, and E.Y.Lee (2008).
Cep164 is a mediator protein required for the maintenance of genomic stability through modulation of MDC1, RPA, and CHK1.
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18757370 W.Shi, Z.Ma, H.Willers, K.Akhtar, S.P.Scott, J.Zhang, S.Powell, and J.Zhang (2008).
Disassembly of MDC1 Foci Is Controlled by Ubiquitin-Proteasome-dependent Degradation.
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18173747 Y.Bu, Y.Suenaga, S.Ono, T.Koda, F.Song, A.Nakagawara, and T.Ozaki (2008).
Sp1-mediated transcriptional regulation of NFBD1/MDC1 plays a critical role in DNA damage response pathway.
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18616816 Y.Liu, J.A.Parry, A.Chin, S.Duensing, and A.Duensing (2008).
Soluble histone H2AX is induced by DNA replication stress and sensitizes cells to undergo apoptosis.
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18452305 Y.Shen, and L.Tong (2008).
Structural evidence for direct interactions between the BRCT domains of human BRCA1 and a phospho-peptide from human ACC1.
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PDB code: 3coj
17721446 A.Hammet, C.Magill, J.Heierhorst, and S.P.Jackson (2007).
Rad9 BRCT domain interaction with phosphorylated H2AX regulates the G1 checkpoint in budding yeast.
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17491589 A.Meier, H.Fiegler, P.Muñoz, P.Ellis, D.Rigler, C.Langford, M.A.Blasco, N.Carter, and S.P.Jackson (2007).
Spreading of mammalian DNA-damage response factors studied by ChIP-chip at damaged telomeres.
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18158901 A.Xie, A.Hartlerode, M.Stucki, S.Odate, N.Puget, A.Kwok, G.Nagaraju, C.Yan, F.W.Alt, J.Chen, S.P.Jackson, and R.Scully (2007).
Distinct roles of chromatin-associated proteins MDC1 and 53BP1 in mammalian double-strand break repair.
  Mol Cell, 28, 1045-1057.  
17525341 B.Sobhian, G.Shao, D.R.Lilli, A.C.Culhane, L.A.Moreau, B.Xia, D.M.Livingston, and R.A.Greenberg (2007).
RAP80 targets BRCA1 to specific ubiquitin structures at DNA damage sites.
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18077395 B.Wang, and S.J.Elledge (2007).
Ubc13/Rnf8 ubiquitin ligases control foci formation of the Rap80/Abraxas/Brca1/Brcc36 complex in response to DNA damage.
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17915942 E.F.DeRose, M.W.Clarkson, S.A.Gilmore, C.J.Galban, A.Tripathy, J.M.Havener, G.A.Mueller, D.A.Ramsden, R.E.London, and A.L.Lee (2007).
Solution structure of polymerase mu's BRCT Domain reveals an element essential for its role in nonhomologous end joining.
  Biochemistry, 46, 12100-12110.
PDB code: 2htf
18066093 E.R.Phillips, and P.J.McKinnon (2007).
DNA double-strand break repair and development.
  Oncogene, 26, 7799-7808.  
17827148 G.Coster, Z.Hayouka, L.Argaman, C.Strauss, A.Friedler, M.Brandeis, and M.Goldberg (2007).
The DNA damage response mediator MDC1 directly interacts with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome.
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Chromatin remodeling and cancer, Part I: Covalent histone modifications.
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17284459 I.H.Ismail, T.I.Wadhra, and O.Hammarsten (2007).
An optimized method for detecting gamma-H2AX in blood cells reveals a significant interindividual variation in the gamma-H2AX response among humans.
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17690115 I.M.Munoz, P.A.Jowsey, R.Toth, and J.Rouse (2007).
Phospho-epitope binding by the BRCT domains of hPTIP controls multiple aspects of the cellular response to DNA damage.
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Chromatin dynamics and the preservation of genetic information.
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DNA damage checkpoints: from initiation to recovery or adaptation.
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17546051 J.Bartkova, Z.Horejsí, M.Sehested, J.M.Nesland, E.Rajpert-De Meyts, N.E.Skakkebaek, M.Stucki, S.Jackson, J.Lukas, and J.Bartek (2007).
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17925396 J.L.Wood, N.Singh, G.Mer, and J.Chen (2007).
MCPH1 functions in an H2AX-dependent but MDC1-independent pathway in response to DNA damage.
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17353265 M.Fink, D.Imholz, and F.Thoma (2007).
Contribution of the serine 129 of histone H2A to chromatin structure.
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17243194 M.Grenon, T.Costelloe, S.Jimeno, A.O'Shaughnessy, J.Fitzgerald, O.Zgheib, L.Degerth, and N.F.Lowndes (2007).
Docking onto chromatin via the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad9 Tudor domain.
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17848578 M.Laufer, S.V.Nandula, A.P.Modi, S.Wang, M.Jasin, V.V.Murty, T.Ludwig, and R.Baer (2007).
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RNF8 transduces the DNA-damage signal via histone ubiquitylation and checkpoint protein assembly.
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PDB code: 2pie
17903033 N.G.Medvedeva, I.V.Panyutin, I.G.Panyutin, and R.D.Neumann (2007).
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX in radiation-induced micronuclei.
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18006705 N.K.Kolas, J.R.Chapman, S.Nakada, J.Ylanko, R.Chahwan, F.D.Sweeney, S.Panier, M.Mendez, J.Wildenhain, T.M.Thomson, L.Pelletier, S.P.Jackson, and D.Durocher (2007).
Orchestration of the DNA-damage response by the RNF8 ubiquitin ligase.
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18001824 N.Mailand, S.Bekker-Jensen, H.Faustrup, F.Melander, J.Bartek, C.Lukas, and J.Lukas (2007).
RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins.
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17387012 O.Llorca (2007).
Electron microscopy reconstructions of DNA repair complexes.
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17876782 P.S.Burgoyne, S.K.Mahadevaiah, and J.M.Turner (2007).
The management of DNA double-strand breaks in mitotic G2, and in mammalian meiosis viewed from a mitotic G2 perspective.
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17713585 R.S.Williams, J.S.Williams, and J.A.Tainer (2007).
Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 is a keystone complex connecting DNA repair machinery, double-strand break signaling, and the chromatin template.
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How chromatin-binding modules interpret histone modifications: lessons from professional pocket pickers.
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17984971 S.Lall (2007).
Primers on chromatin.
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17151702 T.C.Karagiannis, and A.El-Osta (2007).
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17317137 T.Pawson (2007).
Dynamic control of signaling by modular adaptor proteins.
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17160018 V.Ayllón, and R.O'connor (2007).
PBK/TOPK promotes tumour cell proliferation through p38 MAPK activity and regulation of the DNA damage response.
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Rapid activation of ATM on DNA flanking double-strand breaks.
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17068489 A.G.West, and H.van Attikum (2006).
Chromatin at the crossroads. Meeting on signalling to chromatin epigenetics.
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16437102 A.Nussenzweig, and T.Paull (2006).
DNA repair: tails of histones lost.
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Reading protein modifications with interaction domains.
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16522671 E.Becker, V.Meyer, H.Madaoui, and R.Guerois (2006).
Detection of a tandem BRCT in Nbs1 and Xrs2 with functional implications in the DNA damage response.
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16936823 E.Bernstein, and S.B.Hake (2006).
The nucleosome: a little variation goes a long way.
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16487697 H.Wurtele, and A.Verreault (2006).
Histone post-translational modifications and the response to DNA double-strand breaks.
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Surviving the breakup: the DNA damage checkpoint.
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Signaling networks controlled by the MRN complex and MDC1 during early DNA damage responses.
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16936829 J.Fillingham, M.C.Keogh, and N.J.Krogan (2006).
GammaH2AX and its role in DNA double-strand break repair.
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Tying the loose ends together in DNA double strand break repair with 53BP1.
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Structural basis for the methylation state-specific recognition of histone H4-K20 by 53BP1 and Crb2 in DNA repair.
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PDB codes: 2fhd 2g3r 2ig0
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MDC1 accelerates nonhomologous end-joining of dysfunctional telomeres.
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Spatial organization of the mammalian genome surveillance machinery in response to DNA strand breaks.
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16427010 S.Franco, M.Gostissa, S.Zha, D.B.Lombard, M.M.Murphy, A.A.Zarrin, C.Yan, S.Tepsuporn, J.C.Morales, M.M.Adams, Z.Lou, C.H.Bassing, J.P.Manis, J.Chen, P.B.Carpenter, and F.W.Alt (2006).
H2AX prevents DNA breaks from progressing to chromosome breaks and translocations.
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16805666 T.T.Su (2006).
Cellular responses to DNA damage: one signal, multiple choices.
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16774833 Y.Shiloh (2006).
The ATM-mediated DNA-damage response: taking shape.
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The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.