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Hydrolase/hydrolase inhibitor PDB id
1pau
Jmol
Contents
Protein chains
140 a.a. *
91 a.a. *
Ligands
ACE-ASP-GLU-VAL-
ASJ
Waters ×34
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1pau
Name: Hydrolase/hydrolase inhibitor
Title: Crystal structure of the complex of apopain with the tetrape aldehyde inhibitor ac-devd-cho
Structure: Apopain. Chain: a. Synonym: caspase-3, cpp32, yama. Engineered: yes. Apopain. Chain: b. Synonym: caspase-3, cpp32, yama. Engineered: yes. Ace-asp-glu-val-asj.
Source: Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562. Synthetic: yes
Biol. unit: Hexamer (from PDB file)
Resolution:
2.50Å     R-factor:   0.195     R-free:   0.275
Authors: J.Rotonda,J.W.Becker
Key ref: J.Rotonda et al. (1996). The three-dimensional structure of apopain/CPP32, a key mediator of apoptosis. Nat Struct Biol, 3, 619-625. PubMed id: 8673606 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0796-619
Date:
06-Jun-96     Release date:   07-Jul-97    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P42574  (CASP3_HUMAN) -  Caspase-3
Seq:
Struc: 		277 a.a.
140 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P42574  (CASP3_HUMAN) -  Caspase-3
Seq:
Struc: 		277 a.a.
91 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class: Chains A, B: E.C.3.4.22.56  - Caspase-3.
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]
 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     cytoplasm   1 term 
  Biological process     apoptosis   2 terms 
  Biochemical function     cysteine-type peptidase activity     2 terms  

 

 
DOI no: 10.1038/nsb0796-619 Nat Struct Biol 3:619-625 (1996)
PubMed id: 8673606  
 
 
The three-dimensional structure of apopain/CPP32, a key mediator of apoptosis.
J.Rotonda, D.W.Nicholson, K.M.Fazil, M.Gallant, Y.Gareau, M.Labelle, E.P.Peterson, D.M.Rasper, R.Ruel, J.P.Vaillancourt, N.A.Thornberry, J.W.Becker.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
Cysteine proteases related to mammalian interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) and to its Caenorhabditis elegans homologue, CED-3, play a critical role in the biochemical events that culminate in apoptosis. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of a complex of the human CED-3 homologue CPP32/apopain with a potent tetrapeptide-aldehyde inhibitor. The protein resembles ICE in overall structure, but its S4 subsite is strikingly different in size and chemical composition. These differences account for the variation in specificity between the ICE- and CED-3-related proteases and enable the design of specific inhibitors that can probe the physiological functions of the proteins and disease states with which they are associated.
 

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21082356 M.Scabini, F.Stellari, P.Cappella, S.Rizzitano, G.Texido, and E.Pesenti (2011).
In vivo imaging of early stage apoptosis by measuring real-time caspase-3/7 activation.
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20101263 M.Luo, Z.Lu, H.Sun, K.Yuan, Q.Zhang, S.Meng, F.Wang, H.Guo, X.Ju, Y.Liu, T.Ye, Z.Lu, and Z.Zhai (2010).
Nuclear entry of active caspase-3 is facilitated by its p3-recognition-based specific cleavage activity.
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19581639 J.A.Hardy, and J.A.Wells (2009).
Dissecting an allosteric switch in caspase-7 using chemical and mutational probes.
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19575016 X.Geng, Q.H.Zhou, E.Kage-Nakadai, Y.Shi, N.Yan, S.Mitani, and D.Xue (2009).
Caenorhabditis elegans caspase homolog CSP-2 inhibits CED-3 autoactivation and apoptosis in germ cells.
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18084239 L.Dorstyn, and S.Kumar (2008).
A biochemical analysis of the activation of the Drosophila caspase DRONC.
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18332441 S.Roy, J.R.Sharom, C.Houde, T.P.Loisel, J.P.Vaillancourt, W.Shao, M.Saleh, and D.W.Nicholson (2008).
Confinement of caspase-12 proteolytic activity to autoprocessing.
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18776901 X.Geng, Y.Shi, A.Nakagawa, S.Yoshina, S.Mitani, Y.Shi, and D.Xue (2008).
Inhibition of CED-3 zymogen activation and apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans by caspase homolog CSP-3.
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17927580 A.Piekarska, R.Kubiak, A.Omulecka, W.Szymczak, and J.Piekarski (2007).
Expression of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and caspase-3 in relation to grade of inflammation and stage of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.
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17594508 A.Yoshimori, J.Sakai, S.Sunaga, T.Kobayashi, S.Takahashi, N.Okita, R.Takasawa, and S.Tanuma (2007).
Structural and functional definition of the specificity of a novel caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DNLD-CHO.
  BMC Pharmacol, 7, 8.  
17712869 B.Yoo, M.S.Raam, R.M.Rosenblum, and M.D.Pagel (2007).
Enzyme-responsive PARACEST MRI contrast agents: a new biomedical imaging approach for studies of the proteasome.
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17283333 D.S.Chelur, and M.Chalfie (2007).
Targeted cell killing by reconstituted caspases.
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17181147 A.J.Henzing, H.Dodson, J.M.Reid, S.H.Kaufmann, R.L.Baxter, and W.C.Earnshaw (2006).
Synthesis of novel caspase inhibitors for characterization of the active caspase proteome in vitro and in vivo.
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16505271 A.K.Mitra, and D.K.Agrawal (2006).
In stent restenosis: bane of the stent era.
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16489497 C.Chakraborty, G.Saha, B.Sarkar, S.Pal, T.K.Chatterjee, and A.K.Sadhu (2006).
Caspase-3 induced apoptosis in transgenic zebrafish.
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16352606 D.Twiddy, G.M.Cohen, M.Macfarlane, and K.Cain (2006).
Caspase-7 is directly activated by the approximately 700-kDa apoptosome complex and is released as a stable XIAP-caspase-7 approximately 200-kDa complex.
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16770683 S.R.Dunn, W.S.Phillips, J.W.Spatafora, D.R.Green, and V.M.Weis (2006).
Highly conserved caspase and Bcl-2 homologues from the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida: lower metazoans as models for the study of apoptosis evolution.
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16408020 D.A.Mitchell, and M.A.Marletta (2005).
Thioredoxin catalyzes the S-nitrosation of the caspase-3 active site cysteine.
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15664982 H.Liu, D.W.Chang, and X.Yang (2005).
Interdimer processing and linearity of procaspase-3 activation. A unifying mechanism for the activation of initiator and effector caspases.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 11578-11582.  
16200200 I.N.Lavrik, A.Golks, and P.H.Krammer (2005).
Caspases: pharmacological manipulation of cell death.
  J Clin Invest, 115, 2665-2672.  
16139916 K.Chul Cho, J.Hoon Jeong, H.Jung Chung, C.O.Joe, S.Wan Kim, and T.Gwan Park (2005).
Folate receptor-mediated intracellular delivery of recombinant caspase-3 for inducing apoptosis.
  J Control Release, 108, 121-131.  
15788388 M.F.Hsu, C.J.Kuo, K.T.Chang, H.C.Chang, C.C.Chou, T.P.Ko, H.L.Shr, G.G.Chang, A.H.Wang, and P.H.Liang (2005).
Mechanism of the maturation process of SARS-CoV 3CL protease.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 31257-31266.
PDB codes: 1z1i 1z1j
16212486 N.Yan, and Y.Shi (2005).
Mechanisms of apoptosis through structural biology.
  Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 21, 35-56.  
16227597 S.Kamada, U.Kikkawa, Y.Tsujimoto, and T.Hunter (2005).
A-kinase-anchoring protein 95 functions as a potential carrier for the nuclear translocation of active caspase 3 through an enzyme-substrate-like association.
  Mol Cell Biol, 25, 9469-9477.  
15569692 S.Kamada, U.Kikkawa, Y.Tsujimoto, and T.Hunter (2005).
Nuclear translocation of caspase-3 is dependent on its proteolytic activation and recognition of a substrate-like protein(s).
  J Biol Chem, 280, 857-860.  
15588505 A.I.Doseff (2004).
Apoptosis: the sculptor of development.
  Stem Cells Dev, 13, 473-483.  
15154972 A.Yoshimori, R.Takasawa, and S.Tanuma (2004).
A novel method for evaluation and screening of caspase inhibitory peptides by the amino acid positional fitness score.
  BMC Pharmacol, 4, 7.  
14645217 C.M.Forsyth, D.Lemongello, D.J.LaCount, P.D.Friesen, and A.J.Fisher (2004).
Crystal structure of an invertebrate caspase.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 7001-7008.
PDB code: 1m72
15314233 J.A.Hardy, J.Lam, J.T.Nguyen, T.O'Brien, and J.A.Wells (2004).
Discovery of an allosteric site in the caspases.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 12461-12466.
PDB codes: 1shj 1shl
15495205 M.Endo, K.Nakayama, Y.Kaida, and T.Majima (2004).
Design and synthesis of photochemically controllable caspase-3.
  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 43, 5643-5645.  
15009210 N.E.Labrou, and D.J.Rigden (2004).
The structure-function relationship in the clostripain family of peptidases.
  Eur J Biochem, 271, 983-992.  
15520809 S.J.Riedl, and Y.Shi (2004).
Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 5, 897-907.  
15146491 S.Piana, and U.Rothlisberger (2004).
Molecular dynamics simulations of structural changes during procaspase 3 activation.
  Proteins, 55, 932-941.  
15256724 S.Tanuma, A.Yoshimori, and R.Takasawa (2004).
Genomic drug discovery for apoptosis regulation using a new computer screening amino acid complement wave method.
  Biol Pharm Bull, 27, 968-973.  
15189137 X.Jiang, and X.Wang (2004).
Cytochrome C-mediated apoptosis.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 73, 87.  
12684068 A.K.Liou, R.S.Clark, D.C.Henshall, X.M.Yin, and J.Chen (2003).
To die or not to die for neurons in ischemia, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: a review on the stress-activated signaling pathways and apoptotic pathways.
  Prog Neurobiol, 69, 103-142.  
12920126 A.Schweizer, C.Briand, and M.G.Grutter (2003).
Crystal structure of caspase-2, apical initiator of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 42441-42447.
PDB code: 1pyo
12637508 C.Houde, S.Roy, N.Leung, D.W.Nicholson, and N.Beauchemin (2003).
The cell adhesion molecule CEACAM1-L is a substrate of caspase-3-mediated cleavage in apoptotic mouse intestinal cells.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 16929-16935.  
12833566 C.Z.Ni, C.Li, J.C.Wu, A.P.Spada, and K.R.Ely (2003).
Conformational restrictions in the active site of unliganded human caspase-3.
  J Mol Recognit, 16, 121-124.
PDB code: 1qx3
14578587 K.Iwasaki, K.Mishima, N.Egashira, I.H.Al-Khatib, D.Ishibashi, K.Irie, H.Kobayashi, T.Egawa, and M.Fujiwara (2003).
Effect of nilvadipine on the cerebral ischemia-induced impairment of spatial memory and hippocampal apoptosis in rats.
  J Pharmacol Sci, 93, 188-196.  
12603831 M.Radulovic, C.Hippel, and J.Spiess (2003).
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) rapidly suppresses apoptosis by acting upstream of the activation of caspases.
  J Neurochem, 84, 1074-1085.  
12833545 M.Sulpizi, A.Laio, J.VandeVondele, A.Cattaneo, U.Rothlisberger, and P.Carloni (2003).
Reaction mechanism of caspases: insights from QM/MM Car-Parrinello simulations.
  Proteins, 52, 212-224.  
12668429 M.Sulpizi, U.Rothlisberger, and P.Carloni (2003).
Molecular dynamics studies of caspase-3.
  Biophys J, 84, 2207-2215.  
12917435 N.Bizat, J.M.Hermel, S.Humbert, C.Jacquard, C.Créminon, C.Escartin, F.Saudou, S.Krajewski, P.Hantraye, and E.Brouillet (2003).
In vivo calpain/caspase cross-talk during 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal degeneration: implication of a calpain-mediated cleavage of active caspase-3.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 43245-43253.  
14527901 W.M.Boedefeld, K.I.Bland, and M.J.Heslin (2003).
Recent insights into angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma.
  Ann Surg Oncol, 10, 839-851.  
12970077 W.Yang, J.Guastella, J.C.Huang, Y.Wang, L.Zhang, D.Xue, M.Tran, R.Woodward, S.Kasibhatla, B.Tseng, J.Drewe, and S.X.Cai (2003).
MX1013, a dipeptide caspase inhibitor with potent in vivo antiapoptotic activity.
  Br J Pharmacol, 140, 402-412.  
12069792 E.A.Gaucher, X.Gu, M.M.Miyamoto, and S.A.Benner (2002).
Predicting functional divergence in protein evolution by site-specific rate shifts.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 27, 315-321.  
11852247 H.R.Stennicke, C.A.Ryan, and G.S.Salvesen (2002).
Reprieval from execution: the molecular basis of caspase inhibition.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 27, 94.  
12450324 J.Salgado, A.J.García-Sáez, G.Malet, I.Mingarro, and E.Pérez-Payá (2002).
Peptides in apoptosis research.
  J Pept Sci, 8, 543-560.  
12112012 L.B.Ruest, A.Khalyfa, and E.Wang (2002).
Development-dependent disappearance of caspase-3 in skeletal muscle is post-transcriptionally regulated.
  J Cell Biochem, 86, 21-28.  
11967951 M.Guo, E.Sato, A.Jin, X.Li, E.Mori, Y.Xu, and T.Mori (2002).
Human prostate cancer cell death by novel anticancer compounds, apoptosis-inducing nucleosides from CD57+ HLA-DR(bright) natural suppressor cell line.
  Prostate, 51, 166-174.  
12209935 M.S.Shive, W.G.Brodbeck, and J.M.Anderson (2002).
Activation of caspase 3 during shear stress-induced neutrophil apoptosis on biomaterials.
  J Biomed Mater Res, 62, 163-168.  
12097332 N.Morishima, K.Nakanishi, H.Takenouchi, T.Shibata, and Y.Yasuhiko (2002).
An endoplasmic reticulum stress-specific caspase cascade in apoptosis. Cytochrome c-independent activation of caspase-9 by caspase-12.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 34287-34294.  
12215447 O.Micheau, M.Thome, P.Schneider, N.Holler, J.Tschopp, D.W.Nicholson, C.Briand, and M.G.Grütter (2002).
The long form of FLIP is an activator of caspase-8 at the Fas death-inducing signaling complex.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 45162-45171.  
  12426130 S.K.Vilcheck, T.J.O'Brien, D.E.Pritchard, L.Ha, S.Ceryak, J.L.Fornsaglio, and S.R.Patierno (2002).
Fanconi anemia complementation group A cells are hypersensitive to chromium(VI)-induced toxicity.
  Environ Health Perspect, 110, 773-777.  
11931755 Y.Shi (2002).
Mechanisms of caspase activation and inhibition during apoptosis.
  Mol Cell, 9, 459-470.  
11703594 B.Yang, A.M.El Nahas, G.L.Thomas, J.L.Haylor, P.F.Watson, B.Wagner, and T.S.Johnson (2001).
Caspase-3 and apoptosis in experimental chronic renal scarring.
  Kidney Int, 60, 1765-1776.  
  11403877 D.Blum, S.Torch, N.Lambeng, M.Nissou, A.L.Benabid, R.Sadoul, and J.M.Verna (2001).
Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson's disease.
  Prog Neurobiol, 65, 135-172.  
11425640 J.C.Reed (2001).
Apoptosis-regulating proteins as targets for drug discovery.
  Trends Mol Med, 7, 314-319.  
11257230 J.Chai, E.Shiozaki, S.M.Srinivasula, Q.Wu, P.Datta, E.S.Alnemri, Y.Shi, and P.Dataa (2001).
Structural basis of caspase-7 inhibition by XIAP.
  Cell, 104, 769-780.
PDB code: 1i51
11701129 J.Chai, Q.Wu, E.Shiozaki, S.M.Srinivasula, E.S.Alnemri, and Y.Shi (2001).
Crystal structure of a procaspase-7 zymogen: mechanisms of activation and substrate binding.
  Cell, 107, 399-407.
PDB codes: 1k86 1k88
11325591 J.Rotonda, M.Garcia-Calvo, H.G.Bull, W.M.Geissler, B.M.McKeever, C.A.Willoughby, N.A.Thornberry, and J.W.Becker (2001).
The three-dimensional structure of human granzyme B compared to caspase-3, key mediators of cell death with cleavage specificity for aspartic acid in P1.
  Chem Biol, 8, 357-368.
PDB code: 1iau
  11750036 K.C.Zimmermann, C.Bonzon, and D.R.Green (2001).
The machinery of programmed cell death.
  Pharmacol Ther, 92, 57-70.  
11734640 M.Renatus, H.R.Stennicke, F.L.Scott, R.C.Liddington, and G.S.Salvesen (2001).
Dimer formation drives the activation of the cell death protease caspase 9.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 14250-14255.
PDB code: 1jxq
11257232 S.J.Riedl, M.Renatus, R.Schwarzenbacher, Q.Zhou, C.Sun, S.W.Fesik, R.C.Liddington, and G.S.Salvesen (2001).
Structural basis for the inhibition of caspase-3 by XIAP.
  Cell, 104, 791-800.
PDB code: 1i3o
11752425 S.J.Riedl, P.Fuentes-Prior, M.Renatus, N.Kairies, S.Krapp, R.Huber, G.S.Salvesen, and W.Bode (2001).
Structural basis for the activation of human procaspase-7.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 14790-14795.
PDB code: 1gqf
11353841 S.Roy, C.I.Bayly, Y.Gareau, V.M.Houtzager, S.Kargman, S.L.Keen, K.Rowland, I.M.Seiden, N.A.Thornberry, and D.W.Nicholson (2001).
Maintenance of caspase-3 proenzyme dormancy by an intrinsic "safety catch" regulatory tripeptide.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 6132-6137.  
  11454777 Y.Wang, and X.Gu (2001).
Functional divergence in the caspase gene family and altered functional constraints: statistical analysis and prediction.
  Genetics, 158, 1311-1320.  
10966458 A.Strasser, L.O'Connor, and V.M.Dixit (2000).
Apoptosis signaling.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 69, 217-245.  
10821855 D.Lee, S.A.Long, J.L.Adams, G.Chan, K.S.Vaidya, T.A.Francis, K.Kikly, J.D.Winkler, C.M.Sung, C.Debouck, S.Richardson, M.A.Levy, W.E.DeWolf, P.M.Keller, T.Tomaszek, M.S.Head, M.D.Ryan, R.C.Haltiwanger, P.H.Liang, C.A.Janson, P.J.McDevitt, K.Johanson, N.O.Concha, W.Chan, S.S.Abdel-Meguid, A.M.Badger, M.W.Lark, D.P.Nadeau, L.J.Suva, M.Gowen, and M.E.Nuttall (2000).
Potent and selective nonpeptide inhibitors of caspases 3 and 7 inhibit apoptosis and maintain cell functionality.
  J Biol Chem, 275, 16007-16014.
PDB code: 1gfw
11050246 E.Tse, and T.H.Rabbitts (2000).
Intracellular antibody-caspase-mediated cell killing: an approach for application in cancer therapy.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 12266-12271.  
11104820 H.Y.Chang, and X.Yang (2000).
Proteases for cell suicide: functions and regulation of caspases.
  Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 64, 821-846.  
10777599 H.Yokoyama, N.Mukae, H.Sakahira, K.Okawa, A.Iwamatsu, and S.Nagata (2000).
A novel activation mechanism of caspase-activated DNase from Drosophila melanogaster.
  J Biol Chem, 275, 12978-12986.  
  11102794 J.C.Reed, and K.J.Tomaselli (2000).
Drug discovery opportunities from apoptosis research.
  Curr Opin Biotechnol, 11, 586-592.  
10840148 K.J.Banasiak, Y.Xia, and G.G.Haddad (2000).
Mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis.
  Prog Neurobiol, 62, 215-249.  
11114501 M.G.Grütter (2000).
Caspases: key players in programmed cell death.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 10, 649-655.  
10671544 M.Kipp, B.L.Schwab, M.Przybylski, P.Nicotera, and F.O.Fackelmayer (2000).
Apoptotic cleavage of scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) by caspase-3 occurs at a noncanonical cleavage site.
  J Biol Chem, 275, 5031-5036.  
  10903953 M.Renatus, Q.Zhou, H.R.Stennicke, S.J.Snipas, D.Turk, L.A.Bankston, R.C.Liddington, and G.S.Salvesen (2000).
Crystal structure of the apoptotic suppressor CrmA in its cleaved form.
  Structure, 8, 789-797.
PDB code: 1f0c
11057900 S.W.Fesik (2000).
Insights into programmed cell death through structural biology.
  Cell, 103, 273-282.  
10896057 S.Y.Park, S.H.Park, I.S.Lee, and J.Y.Kong (2000).
Establishment of a high-throughput screening system for caspase-3 inhibitors.
  Arch Pharm Res, 23, 246-251.  
10727241 U.Meyer, M.Benghezal, I.Imhof, and A.Conzelmann (2000).
Active site determination of Gpi8p, a caspase-related enzyme required for glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor addition to proteins.
  Biochemistry, 39, 3461-3471.  
10906276 V.J.Kidd, J.M.Lahti, and T.Teitz (2000).
Proteolytic regulation of apoptosis.
  Semin Cell Dev Biol, 11, 191-201.  
10873833 Y.Wei, T.Fox, S.P.Chambers, J.Sintchak, J.T.Coll, J.M.Golec, L.Swenson, K.P.Wilson, and P.S.Charifson (2000).
The structures of caspases-1, -3, -7 and -8 reveal the basis for substrate and inhibitor selectivity.
  Chem Biol, 7, 423-432.
PDB code: 1f1j
10523290 A.Eichinger, H.G.Beisel, U.Jacob, R.Huber, F.J.Medrano, A.Banbula, J.Potempa, J.Travis, and W.Bode (1999).
Crystal structure of gingipain R: an Arg-specific bacterial cysteine proteinase with a caspase-like fold.
  EMBO J, 18, 5453-5462.
PDB code: 1cvr
10205157 A.J.Fisher, W.Cruz, S.J.Zoog, C.L.Schneider, and P.D.Friesen (1999).
Crystal structure of baculovirus P35: role of a novel reactive site loop in apoptotic caspase inhibition.
  EMBO J, 18, 2031-2039.
PDB code: 1p35
10667211 D.K.Miller (1999).
Activation of apoptosis and its inhibition.
  Ann N Y Acad Sci, 886, 132-157.  
9890966 D.W.Seol, and T.R.Billiar (1999).
A caspase-9 variant missing the catalytic site is an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 2072-2076.  
10319819 F.G.Gervais, D.Xu, G.S.Robertson, J.P.Vaillancourt, Y.Zhu, J.Huang, A.LeBlanc, D.Smith, M.Rigby, M.S.Shearman, E.E.Clarke, H.Zheng, L.H.Van Der Ploeg, S.C.Ruffolo, N.A.Thornberry, S.Xanthoudakis, R.J.Zamboni, S.Roy, and D.W.Nicholson (1999).
Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta precursor protein and amyloidogenic A beta peptide formation.
  Cell, 97, 395-406.  
  10545333 G.S.Salvesen (1999).
Caspase 8: igniting the death machine.
  Structure, 7, R225-R229.  
  10508784 H.Blanchard, L.Kodandapani, P.R.Mittl, S.D.Marco, J.F.Krebs, J.C.Wu, K.J.Tomaselli, and M.G.Grütter (1999).
The three-dimensional structure of caspase-8: an initiator enzyme in apoptosis.
  Structure, 7, 1125-1133.
PDB code: 1qdu
10358774 J.C.Rathmell, and C.B.Thompson (1999).
The central effectors of cell death in the immune system.
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PDB code: 1qtn
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PDB code: 1cp3
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CASH, a novel caspase homologue with death effector domains.
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