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Transcription/DNA PDB id
1nfk
Jmol
Contents
Protein chains
312 a.a. *
DNA/RNA
Waters ×951
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1nfk
Name: Transcription/DNA
Title: Structure of the nuclear factor kappa-b (nf-kb) p50 homodimer
Structure: DNA (5'-d( Tp Gp Gp Gp Ap Ap Tp Tp Cp Cp C)-3'). Chain: c, d. Engineered: yes. Protein (nuclear factor kappa-b (nf-kb)). Chain: a, b
Source: Synthetic: yes. Mus musculus. House mouse. Organism_taxid: 10090
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
2.30Å     R-factor:   0.230     R-free:   0.340
Authors: G.Ghosh,G.Van Duyne,S.Ghosh,P.B.Sigler
Key ref: G.Ghosh et al. (1995). Structure of NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to a kappa B site. Nature, 373, 303-310. PubMed id: 7530332 DOI: 10.1038/373303a0
Date:
28-Feb-95     Release date:   23-Dec-96    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P25799  (NFKB1_MOUSE) -  Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		971 a.a.
312 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     nucleus   1 term 
  Biological process     regulation of transcription   2 terms 
  Biochemical function     transcription factor activity     1 term  

 

 
DOI no: 10.1038/373303a0 Nature 373:303-310 (1995)
PubMed id: 7530332  
 
 
Structure of NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to a kappa B site.
G.Ghosh, G.van Duyne, S.Ghosh, P.B.Sigler.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
The 2.3-A crystal structure of the transcription factor NK-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to a palindromic kappa B site reveals that the Rel homology region folds into two distinct domains, similar to those in the immunoglobulin superfamily. The p50 dimer envelopes an undistorted B-DNA helix, making specific contacts along the 10-base-pair kappa B recognition site mainly through loops connecting secondary structure elements in both domains. The carboxy-terminal domains form a dimerization interface between beta-sheets using residues that are strongly conserved in the Rel family.
 

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21472811 B.Manavalan, R.Govindaraj, G.Lee, and S.Choi (2011).
Molecular modeling-based evaluation of dual function of IκBζ ankyrin repeat domain in toll-like receptor signaling.
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Structural studies of NF-κB signaling.
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21220295 S.C.Sue, V.Alverdi, E.A.Komives, and H.J.Dyson (2011).
Detection of a ternary complex of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha with DNA provides insights into how IkappaBalpha removes NF-kappaB from transcription sites.
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20396415 A.Majdalawieh, and H.S.Ro (2010).
Regulation of IkappaBalpha function and NF-kappaB signaling: AEBP1 is a novel proinflammatory mediator in macrophages.
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21203422 B.Manavalan, S.Basith, Y.M.Choi, G.Lee, and S.Choi (2010).
Structure-function relationship of cytoplasmic and nuclear IκB proteins: an in silico analysis.
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19943176 L.Qian, S.Y.Liao, Z.L.Huang, Y.Shen, and K.C.Zheng (2010).
Theoretical studies on pyrimidine substituent derivatives as dual inhibitors of AP-1 and NF-kappaB.
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19966852 N.Bonadies, C.h.Neururer, A.Steege, S.Vallabhapurapu, T.Pabst, and B.U.Mueller (2010).
PU.1 is regulated by NF-kappaB through a novel binding site in a 17 kb upstream enhancer element.
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20876732 N.Treiber, T.Treiber, G.Zocher, and R.Grosschedl (2010).
Structure of an Ebf1:DNA complex reveals unusual DNA recognition and structural homology with Rel proteins.
  Genes Dev, 24, 2270-2275.
PDB codes: 3mln 3mlo 3mlp
20334529 R.Rohs, X.Jin, S.M.West, R.Joshi, B.Honig, and R.S.Mann (2010).
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Chlorogenic acid attenuates adhesion molecules upregulation in IL-1beta-treated endothelial cells.
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19098713 A.J.Fusco, D.B.Huang, D.Miller, V.Y.Wang, D.Vu, and G.Ghosh (2009).
NF-kappaB p52:RelB heterodimer recognizes two classes of kappaB sites with two distinct modes.
  EMBO Rep, 10, 152-159.  
  20066092 A.Oeckinghaus, and S.Ghosh (2009).
The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation.
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19201872 F.L.Sinquett, R.L.Dryer, V.Marcelli, A.Batheja, and L.R.Covey (2009).
Single nucleotide changes in the human Igamma1 and Igamma4 promoters underlie different transcriptional responses to CD40.
  J Immunol, 182, 2185-2193.  
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  J Mol Biol, 393, 98.
PDB code: 3gut
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Kinetic enhancement of NF-kappaBxDNA dissociation by IkappaBalpha.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 19328-19333.  
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  20066103 T.Huxford, and G.Ghosh (2009).
A structural guide to proteins of the NF-kappaB signaling module.
  Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol, 1, a000075.  
18462673 D.L.Bates, K.K.Barthel, Y.Wu, R.Kalhor, J.C.Stroud, M.J.Giffin, and L.Chen (2008).
Crystal structure of NFAT bound to the HIV-1 LTR tandem kappaB enhancer element.
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PDB code: 2o93
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The enhanceosome.
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  J Virol, 82, 40-48.  
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NF-kappa B-mediated adaptive resistance to ionizing radiation.
  Free Radic Biol Med, 44, 1.  
18175145 M.Gauthier, and B.M.Degnan (2008).
The transcription factor NF-kappaB in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica: insights on the evolutionary origin of the Rel homology domain.
  Dev Genes Evol, 218, 23-32.  
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DNA mimicry by a high-affinity anti-NF-kappaB RNA aptamer.
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PDB code: 2jwv
18219644 N.Minakawa, Y.Kawano, S.Murata, N.Inoue, and A.Matsuda (2008).
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18426920 S.E.Wurster, and L.J.Maher (2008).
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18433497 S.Raza, K.A.Robertson, P.A.Lacaze, D.Page, A.J.Enright, P.Ghazal, and T.C.Freeman (2008).
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18337505 S.Zhang, V.Metelev, D.Tabatadze, P.C.Zamecnik, and A.Bogdanov (2008).
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PDB codes: 2o61 2o6g
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Transcriptional regulation via the NF-kappaB signaling module.
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Analysis of DNA-protein interactions in complexes of transcription factor NF-kappaB with DNA.
  Biochemistry (Mosc), 70, 1212-1222.  
15869395 A.Sarai, and H.Kono (2005).
Protein-DNA recognition patterns and predictions.
  Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 34, 379-398.  
16154093 D.B.Huang, D.Vu, and G.Ghosh (2005).
NF-kappaB RelB forms an intertwined homodimer.
  Structure, 13, 1365-1373.
PDB codes: 1zk9 1zka
15843800 G.Natoli, S.Saccani, D.Bosisio, and I.Marazzi (2005).
Interactions of NF-kappaB with chromatin: the art of being at the right place at the right time.
  Nat Immunol, 6, 439-445.  
15677444 R.Fagerlund, L.Kinnunen, M.Köhler, I.Julkunen, and K.Melén (2005).
NF-{kappa}B is transported into the nucleus by importin {alpha}3 and importin {alpha}4.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 15942-15951.  
16166378 S.Sanjabi, K.J.Williams, S.Saccani, L.Zhou, A.Hoffmann, G.Ghosh, S.Gerondakis, G.Natoli, and S.T.Smale (2005).
A c-Rel subdomain responsible for enhanced DNA-binding affinity and selective gene activation.
  Genes Dev, 19, 2138-2151.  
15215520 C.H.Croy, S.Bergqvist, T.Huxford, G.Ghosh, and E.A.Komives (2004).
Biophysical characterization of the free IkappaBalpha ankyrin repeat domain in solution.
  Protein Sci, 13, 1767-1777.  
15269206 D.Angelov, F.Lenouvel, F.Hans, C.W.Müller, P.Bouvet, J.Bednar, E.N.Moudrianakis, J.Cadet, and S.Dimitrov (2004).
The histone octamer is invisible when NF-kappaB binds to the nucleosome.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 42374-42382.  
15296742 D.Y.Chirgadze, M.Demydchuk, M.Becker, S.Moran, and M.Paoli (2004).
Snapshot of protein structure evolution reveals conservation of functional dimerization through intertwined folding.
  Structure, 12, 1489-1494.
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15470505 G.Bonizzi, M.Bebien, D.C.Otero, K.E.Johnson-Vroom, Y.Cao, D.Vu, A.G.Jegga, B.J.Aronow, G.Ghosh, R.C.Rickert, and M.Karin (2004).
Activation of IKKalpha target genes depends on recognition of specific kappaB binding sites by RelB:p52 dimers.
  EMBO J, 23, 4202-4210.  
15102445 G.Ghosh, D.B.Huang, and T.Huxford (2004).
Molecular mimicry of the NF-kappaB DNA target site by a selected RNA aptamer.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 14, 21-27.  
14990752 J.Linnell, R.Mott, S.Field, D.P.Kwiatkowski, J.Ragoussis, and I.A.Udalova (2004).
Quantitative high-throughput analysis of transcription factor binding specificities.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 32, e44.  
14713331 J.M.Hansen, and C.Harris (2004).
A novel hypothesis for thalidomide-induced limb teratogenesis: redox misregulation of the NF-kappaB pathway.
  Antioxid Redox Signal, 6, 1.  
15297877 R.A.Kovall, and W.A.Hendrickson (2004).
Crystal structure of the nuclear effector of Notch signaling, CSL, bound to DNA.
  EMBO J, 23, 3441-3451.
PDB code: 1ttu
14532125 A.Hoffmann, T.H.Leung, and D.Baltimore (2003).
Genetic analysis of NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors defines functional specificities.
  EMBO J, 22, 5530-5539.  
12595558 A.Nijnik, R.Mott, D.P.Kwiatkowski, and I.A.Udalova (2003).
Comparing the fine specificity of DNA binding by NF-kappaB p50 and p52 using principal coordinates analysis.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 31, 1497-1501.  
12588973 B.Rayet, Y.Fan, and C.Gélinas (2003).
Mutations in the v-Rel transactivation domain indicate altered phosphorylation and identify a subset of NF-kappaB-regulated cell death inhibitors important for v-Rel transforming activity.
  Mol Cell Biol, 23, 1520-1533.  
12870843 D.Angelov, M.Charra, C.W.Müller, J.Cadet, and S.Dimitrov (2003).
Solution study of the NF-kappaB p50-DNA complex by UV laser protein-DNA cross-linking.
  Photochem Photobiol, 77, 592-596.  
12886018 D.B.Huang, D.Vu, L.A.Cassiday, J.M.Zimmerman, L.J.Maher, and G.Ghosh (2003).
Crystal structure of NF-kappaB (p50)2 complexed to a high-affinity RNA aptamer.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 9268-9273.
PDB code: 1ooa
12624092 H.R.Mott, D.Nietlispach, L.J.Hopkins, G.Mirey, J.H.Camonis, and D.Owen (2003).
Structure of the GTPase-binding domain of Sec5 and elucidation of its Ral binding site.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 17053-17059.
PDB code: 1hk6
12637683 L.A.Cassiday, and L.J.Maher (2003).
Yeast genetic selections to optimize RNA decoys for transcription factor NF-kappa B.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 3930-3935.  
12949491 L.Jin, P.Sliz, L.Chen, F.Macián, A.Rao, P.G.Hogan, and S.C.Harrison (2003).
An asymmetric NFAT1 dimer on a pseudo-palindromic kappa B-like DNA site.
  Nat Struct Biol, 10, 807-811.
PDB code: 1pzu
12807880 L.Lin, and M.Kobayashi (2003).
Stability of the Rel homology domain is critical for generation of NF-kappa B p50 subunit.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 31479-31485.  
12949493 M.J.Giffin, J.C.Stroud, D.L.Bates, K.D.von Koenig, J.Hardin, and L.Chen (2003).
Structure of NFAT1 bound as a dimer to the HIV-1 LTR kappa B element.
  Nat Struct Biol, 10, 800-806.
PDB code: 1p7h
12947093 S.Hou, H.Guan, and R.P.Ricciardi (2003).
Phosphorylation of serine 337 of NF-kappaB p50 is critical for DNA binding.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 45994-45998.  
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Immunofluorescence assay and flow-cytometry selection of bead-bound aptamers.
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Structural requirements for assembly of the CSL.intracellular Notch1.Mastermind-like 1 transcriptional activation complex.
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  J Virol, 76, 4928-4939.  
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The x-ray crystal structure of the NF-kappa B p50.p65 heterodimer bound to the interferon beta -kappa B site.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 24694-24700.
PDB codes: 1le5 1le9
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Structure of NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer bound to the PRDII DNA element from the interferon-beta promoter.
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PDB code: 2i9t
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The kappa B DNA sequence from the HIV long terminal repeat functions as an allosteric regulator of HIV transcription.
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PDB code: 1lei
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Structure of a TonEBP-DNA complex reveals DNA encircled by a transcription factor.
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PDB code: 1imh
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Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a human thioredoxin-like protein.
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PDB code: 1gh2
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Structure of the sporulation-specific transcription factor Ndt80 bound to DNA.
  EMBO J, 21, 5721-5732.
PDB codes: 1mn4 1mnn
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The role of the phosphorus BI-BII transition in protein-DNA recognition: the NF-kappaB complex.
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12034831 R.Crinelli, M.Bianchi, L.Gentilini, and M.Magnani (2002).
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Distamycin A affects the stability of NF-kappaB p50-DNA complexes in a sequence-dependent manner.
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Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle.
  Cell, 109, S81-S96.  
12077338 S.Jia, R.D.Flores-Saaib, and A.J.Courey (2002).
The Dorsal Rel homology domain plays an active role in transcriptional regulation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 22, 5089-5099.  
12384578 S.P.Montano, M.L.Coté, I.Fingerman, M.Pierce, A.K.Vershon, and M.M.Georgiadis (2002).
Crystal structure of the DNA-binding domain from Ndt80, a transcriptional activator required for meiosis in yeast.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 14041-14046.
PDB codes: 1m6u 1m7u
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Spatial redox regulation of a critical cysteine residue of NF-kappa B in vivo.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 44548-44556.  
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  Nucleic Acids Res, 30, e132.  
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Mutational analysis of the kinetics and thermodynamics of transcription factor NF-kappaB homodimerisation.
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Protein and drug interactions in the minor groove of DNA.
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NFkappa B-dependent transcriptional activation during heat shock recovery. Thermolability of the NF-kappaB.Ikappa B complex.
  J Biol Chem, 276, 43723-43733.  
11741530 C.W.Garvie, and C.Wolberger (2001).
Recognition of specific DNA sequences.
  Mol Cell, 8, 937-946.  
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Gene array analysis reveals changes in peripheral nervous system gene expression following stimuli that result in reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1: induction of transcription factor Bcl-3.
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Crystal structure of the ankyrin repeat domain of Bcl-3: a unique member of the IkappaB protein family.
  EMBO J, 20, 6180-6190.
PDB codes: 1k1a 1k1b
11264458 G.Powis, and W.R.Montfort (2001).
Properties and biological activities of thioredoxins.
  Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 41, 261-295.  
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Properties and biological activities of thioredoxins.
  Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 30, 421-455.  
11344309 I.A.Graef, J.M.Gastier, U.Francke, and G.R.Crabtree (2001).
Evolutionary relationships among Rel domains indicate functional diversification by recombination.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 5740-5745.  
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Differential NF-kappa B regulation of bcl-x gene expression in hippocampus and basal forebrain in response to hypoxia.
  J Neurosci Res, 64, 223-234.  
  11590020 R.E.Speight, D.J.Hart, J.D.Sutherland, and J.M.Blackburn (2001).
A new plasmid display technology for the in vitro selection of functional phenotype-genotype linked proteins.
  Chem Biol, 8, 951-965.  
11257229 T.H.Tahirov, T.Inoue-Bungo, H.Morii, A.Fujikawa, M.Sasaki, K.Kimura, M.Shiina, K.Sato, T.Kumasaka, M.Yamamoto, S.Ishii, and K.Ogata (2001).
Structural analyses of DNA recognition by the AML1/Runx-1 Runt domain and its allosteric control by CBFbeta.
  Cell, 104, 755-767.
PDB codes: 1hjb 1hjc 1io4
  11574689 V.G.Metelev, O.A.Borisova, E.M.Volkov, T.S.Oretskaya, and N.G.Dolinnaya (2001).
New chemically reactive dsDNAs containing single internucleotide monophosphoryldithio links: reactivity of 5'-mercapto-oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 29, 4062-4069.  
10856244 A.J.Warren, J.Bravo, R.L.Williams, and T.H.Rabbitts (2000).
Structural basis for the heterodimeric interaction between the acute leukaemia-associated transcription factors AML1 and CBFbeta.
  EMBO J, 19, 3004-3015.
PDB code: 1e50
10949036 E.J.Enemark, G.Chen, D.E.Vaughn, A.Stenlund, and L.Joshua-Tor (2000).
Crystal structure of the DNA binding domain of the replication initiation protein E1 from papillomavirus.
  Mol Cell, 6, 149-158.
PDB code: 1f08
  11035260 G.Powis, D.Mustacich, and A.Coon (2000).
The role of the redox protein thioredoxin in cell growth and cancer.
  Free Radic Biol Med, 29, 312-322.  
10713070 J.P.Menetski (2000).
The structure of the nuclear factor-kappaB protein-DNA complex varies with DNA-binding site sequence.
  J Biol Chem, 275, 7619-7625.  
11213487 J.Qin, Y.Yang, A.Velyvis, and A.Gronenborn (2000).
Molecular views of redox regulation: three-dimensional structures of redox regulatory proteins and protein complexes.
  Antioxid Redox Signal, 2, 827-840.  
  11080623 L.Jen-Jacobson, L.E.Engler, and L.A.Jacobson (2000).
Structural and thermodynamic strategies for site-specific DNA binding proteins.
  Structure, 8, 1015-1023.  
10970863 L.Lin, G.N.DeMartino, and W.C.Greene (2000).
Cotranslational dimerization of the Rel homology domain of NF-kappaB1 generates p50-p105 heterodimers and is required for effective p50 production.
  EMBO J, 19, 4712-4722.  
10837071 M.Karin, and Y.Ben-Neriah (2000).
Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-[kappa]B activity.
  Annu Rev Immunol, 18, 621-663.  
  11104519 N.M.Luscombe, S.E.Austin, H.M.Berman, and J.M.Thornton (2000).
An overview of the structures of protein-DNA complexes.
  Genome Biol, 1, REVIEWS001.  
10995388 R.M.Nissen, and K.R.Yamamoto (2000).
The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NFkappaB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain.
  Genes Dev, 14, 2314-2329.  
  10801482 Y.Q.Chen, L.L.Sengchanthalangsy, A.Hackett, and G.Ghosh (2000).
NF-kappaB p65 (RelA) homodimer uses distinct mechanisms to recognize DNA targets.
  Structure, 8, 419-428.  
11228742 B.Kaltschmidt, T.Sparna, and C.Kaltschmidt (1999).
Activation of NF-kappa B by reactive oxygen intermediates in the nervous system.
  Antioxid Redox Signal, 1, 129-144.  
11233530 C.López-Rodríguez, J.Aramburu, A.S.Rakeman, N.G.Copeland, D.J.Gilbert, S.Thomas, C.Disteche, N.A.Jenkins, and A.Rao (1999).
NF-AT5: the NF-AT family of transcription factors expands in a new direction.
  Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 64, 517-526.  
10410794 C.Wolberger (1999).
Multiprotein-DNA complexes in transcriptional regulation.
  Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 28, 29-56.  
  10072384 E.A.Drier, L.H.Huang, and R.Steward (1999).
Nuclear import of the Drosophila Rel protein Dorsal is regulated by phosphorylation.
  Genes Dev, 13, 556-568.  
10585435 F.Chen, L.M.Demers, V.Vallyathan, Y.Lu, V.Castranova, and X.Shi (1999).
Involvement of 5'-flanking kappaB-like sites within bcl-x gene in silica-induced Bcl-x expression.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 35591-35595.  
10438474 H.A.Curry, R.A.Clemens, S.Shah, C.M.Bradbury, A.Botero, P.Goswami, and D.Gius (1999).
Heat shock inhibits radiation-induced activation of NF-kappaB via inhibition of I-kappaB kinase.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 23061-23067.  
  10022897 H.Chan, D.P.Bartos, and L.B.Owen-Schaub (1999).
Activation-dependent transcriptional regulation of the human Fas promoter requires NF-kappaB p50-p65 recruitment.
  Mol Cell Biol, 19, 2098-2108.  
10090291 H.Kono, and A.Sarai (1999).
Structure-based prediction of DNA target sites by regulatory proteins.
  Proteins, 35, 114-131.  
10336463 J.P.Yang, M.Hori, T.Sanda, and T.Okamoto (1999).
Identification of a novel inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB, RelA-associated inhibitor.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 15662-15670.  
10488136 K.Hirota, M.Murata, Y.Sachi, H.Nakamura, J.Takeuchi, K.Mori, and J.Yodoi (1999).
Distinct roles of thioredoxin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. A two-step mechanism of redox regulation of transcription factor NF-kappaB.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 27891-27897.  
10098397 L.Aravind, V.M.Dixit, and E.V.Koonin (1999).
The domains of death: evolution of the apoptosis machinery.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 24, 47-53.  
10047576 L.Chen (1999).
Combinatorial gene regulation by eukaryotic transcription factors.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 9, 48-55.  
10223295 M.H.Seto, H.L.Liu, D.A.Zajchowski, and M.Whitlow (1999).
Protein fold analysis of the B30.2-like domain.
  Proteins, 35, 235-249.  
9988771 M.Reuter, J.Schneider-Mergener, D.Kupper, A.Meisel, P.Mackeldanz, D.H.Krüger, and C.Schroeder (1999).
Regions of endonuclease EcoRII involved in DNA target recognition identified by membrane-bound peptide repertoires.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 5213-5221.  
  10493576 M.Young, K.Kirshenbaum, K.A.Dill, and S.Highsmith (1999).
Predicting conformational switches in proteins.
  Protein Sci, 8, 1752-1764.  
  10511458 N.B.Blatt, and G.D.Glick (1999).
Anti-DNA autoantibodies and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  Pharmacol Ther, 83, 125-139.  
10092592 N.D.Horton, S.S.Biswal, L.L.Corrigan, J.Bratta, and J.P.Kehrer (1999).
Acrolein causes inhibitor kappaB-independent decreases in nuclear factor kappaB activation in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 9200-9206.  
  10425685 P.Cramer, A.Varrot, C.Barillas-Mury, F.C.Kafatos, and C.W.Müller (1999).
Structure of the specificity domain of the Dorsal homologue Gambif1 bound to DNA.
  Structure, 7, 841-852.
PDB code: 1bvo
  10368277 P.Cramer, and C.W.Müller (1999).
A firm hand on NFkappaB: structures of the IkappaBalpha-NFkappaB complex.
  Structure, 7, R1-R6.  
  10592330 R.de Martin, J.A.Schmid, and R.Hofer-Warbinek (1999).
The NF-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors in oncogenic transformation and apoptosis.
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10431175 S.G.Sedgwick, and S.J.Smerdon (1999).
The ankyrin repeat: a diversity of interactions on a common structural framework.
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11232330 T.Huxford, S.Malek, and G.Ghosh (1999).
Structure and mechanism in NF-kappa B/I kappa B signaling.
  Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 64, 533-540.  
10400641 X.M.Zhang, and G.L.Verdine (1999).
A small region in HMG I(Y) is critical for cooperation with NF-kappaB on DNA.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 20235-20243.  
10612599 X.Yang, S.Fennewald, B.A.Luxon, J.Aronson, N.K.Herzog, and D.G.Gorenstein (1999).
Aptamers containing thymidine 3'-O-phosphorodithioates: synthesis and binding to nuclear factor-kappaB.
  Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 9, 3357-3362.  
9873704 A.Kittaka, T.Kuze, T.Asakura, K.Ito, T.Miyasaka, and J.Inoue (1998).
Oligonucleotides bearing 5-formyl-2'-O-methyluridine: preference in binding affinity to the NF-kappa B (p50)2 homo- and p50/p65 heterodimers.
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  9667910 A.M.Baranger (1998).
Accessory factor-bZIP-DNA interactions.
  Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2, 18-23.  
  9794820 C.Wolberger (1998).
Combinatorial transcription factors.
  Curr Opin Genet Dev, 8, 552-559.  
9799727 D.Rhodes, and J.W.Schwabe (1998).
Signal transduction: fast lane to transcriptional activation.
  Curr Biol, 8, R765-R767.  
9794241 E.S.Masuda, R.Imamura, Y.Amasaki, K.Arai, and N.Arai (1998).
Signalling into the T-cell nucleus: NFAT regulation.
  Cell Signal, 10, 599-611.  
  9488441 F.Hirano, H.Tanaka, Y.Hirano, M.Hiramoto, H.Handa, I.Makino, and C.Scheidereit (1998).
Functional interference of Sp1 and NF-kappaB through the same DNA binding site.
  Mol Cell Biol, 18, 1266-1274.  
  9488436 I.Luque, and C.Gélinas (1998).
Distinct domains of IkappaBalpha regulate c-Rel in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
  Mol Cell Biol, 18, 1213-1224.  
9668115 M.K.Shirra, and U.Hansen (1998).
LSF and NTF-1 share a conserved DNA recognition motif yet require different oligomerization states to form a stable protein-DNA complex.
  J Biol Chem, 273, 19260-19268.  
  9566883 M.Latimer, M.K.Ernst, L.L.Dunn, M.Drutskaya, and N.R.Rice (1998).
The N-terminal domain of IkappaB alpha masks the nuclear localization signal(s) of p50 and c-Rel homodimers.
  Mol Cell Biol, 18, 2640-2649.  
9506523 P.Zhou, L.J.Sun, V.Dötsch, G.Wagner, and G.L.Verdine (1998).
Solution structure of the core NFATC1/DNA complex.
  Cell, 92, 687-696.
PDB code: 1a66
9671298 S.Becker, B.Groner, and C.W.Müller (1998).
Three-dimensional structure of the Stat3beta homodimer bound to DNA.
  Nature, 394, 145-151.
PDB code: 1bg1
9597130 S.Ghosh, M.J.May, and E.B.Kopp (1998).
NF-kappa B and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses.
  Annu Rev Immunol, 16, 225-260.  
9738011 S.Malek, T.Huxford, and G.Ghosh (1998).
Ikappa Balpha functions through direct contacts with the nuclear localization signals and the DNA binding sequences of NF-kappaB.
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9519295 S.Tan, and T.J.Richmond (1998).
Eukaryotic transcription factors.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 8, 41-48.  
9630226 X.Chen, U.Vinkemeier, Y.Zhao, D.Jeruzalmi, J.E.Darnell, and J.Kuriyan (1998).
Crystal structure of a tyrosine phosphorylated STAT-1 dimer bound to DNA.
  Cell, 93, 827-839.
PDB code: 1bf5
9437432 Y.Q.Chen, S.Ghosh, and G.Ghosh (1998).
A novel DNA recognition mode by the NF-kappa B p65 homodimer.
  Nat Struct Biol, 5, 67-73.
PDB codes: 1ram 2ram
9143705 A.Rao, C.Luo, and P.G.Hogan (1997).
Transcription factors of the NFAT family: regulation and function.
  Annu Rev Immunol, 15, 707-747.  
  9570146 C.Xia, J.K.Cheshire, H.Patel, and P.Woo (1997).
Cross-talk between transcription factors NF-kappa B and C/EBP in the transcriptional regulation of genes.
  Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 29, 1525-1539.  
  9384558 D.B.Huang, T.Huxford, Y.Q.Chen, and G.Ghosh (1997).
The role of DNA in the mechanism of NFkappaB dimer formation: crystal structures of the dimerization domains of the p50 and p65 subunits.
  Structure, 5, 1427-1436.
PDB codes: 1bfs 1bft
9407099 D.L.Bundy, and T.W.McKeithan (1997).
Diverse effects of BCL3 phosphorylation on its modulation of NF-kappaB p52 homodimer binding to DNA.
  J Biol Chem, 272, 33132-33139.  
9241421 G.Patikoglou, and S.K.Burley (1997).
Eukaryotic transcription factor-DNA complexes.
  Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 26, 289-325.  
  9303180 I.A.Kozlov, E.A.Kubareva, M.G.Ivanovskaya, and Z.A.Shabarova (1997).
Design of new reagents on the base of DNA duplexes for irreversible inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappa B.
  Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev, 7, 279-289.  
9405646 J.Yang, and R.Steward (1997).
A multimeric complex and the nuclear targeting of the Drosophila Rel protein Dorsal.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, 14524-14529.  
  9271416 K.Tran, M.Merika, and D.Thanos (1997).
Distinct functional properties of IkappaB alpha and IkappaB beta.
  Mol Cell Biol, 17, 5386-5399.  
9144165 L.J.Sun, B.R.Peterson, and G.L.Verdine (1997).
Dual role of the nuclear factor of activated T cells insert region in DNA recognition and cooperative contacts to activator protein 1.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, 4919-4924.  
9354759 L.Jen-Jacobson (1997).
Protein-DNA recognition complexes: conservation of structure and binding energy in the transition state.
  Biopolymers, 44, 153-180.  
9384586 P.Cramer, C.J.Larson, G.L.Verdine, and C.W.Müller (1997).
Structure of the human NF-kappaB p52 homodimer-DNA complex at 2.1 A resolution.
  EMBO J, 16, 7078-7090.
PDB code: 1a3q
9782776 R.E.Dickerson, and T.K.Chiu (1997).
Helix bending as a factor in protein/DNA recognition.
  Biopolymers, 44, 361-403.  
9139720 R.T.Utley, J.Côté, T.Owen-Hughes, and J.L.Workman (1997).
SWI/SNF stimulates the formation of disparate activator-nucleosome complexes but is partially redundant with cooperative binding.
  J Biol Chem, 272, 12642-12649.  
9030762 V.Mittard, M.J.Blackledge, M.Stein, J.P.Jacquot, D.Marion, and J.M.Lancelin (1997).
NMR solution structure of an oxidised thioredoxin h from the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
  Eur J Biochem, 243, 374-383.
PDB code: 1tof
8626528 A.Civil, A.Bakker, I.Rensink, S.Doerre, L.A.Aarden, and C.L.Verweij (1996).
Nuclear appearance of a factor that binds the CD28 response element within the interleukin-2 enhancer correlates with interleukin-2 production.
  J Biol Chem, 271, 8321-8327.  
8717528 A.S.Baldwin (1996).
The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights.
  Annu Rev Immunol, 14, 649-683.  
8824275 B.E.Crute, A.F.Lewis, Z.Wu, J.H.Bushweller, and N.A.Speck (1996).
Biochemical and biophysical properties of the core-binding factor alpha2 (AML1) DNA-binding domain.
  J Biol Chem, 271, 26251-26260.  
8942992 B.R.Peterson, L.J.Sun, and G.L.Verdine (1996).
A critical arginine residue mediates cooperativity in the contact interface between transcription factors NFAT and AP-1.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 13671-13676.  
  8887560 C.Barillas-Mury, A.Charlesworth, I.Gross, A.Richman, J.A.Hoffmann, and F.C.Kafatos (1996).
Immune factor Gambif1, a new rel family member from the human malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae.
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8691127 C.Luo, E.Burgeon, and A.Rao (1996).
Mechanisms of transactivation by nuclear factor of activated T cells-1.
  J Exp Med, 184, 141-147.  
  8668213 C.Luo, E.Burgeon, J.A.Carew, P.G.McCaffrey, T.M.Badalian, W.S.Lane, P.G.Hogan, and A.Rao (1996).
Recombinant NFAT1 (NFATp) is regulated by calcineurin in T cells and mediates transcription of several cytokine genes.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 3955-3966.  
8605622 C.W.Müller, F.A.Rey, and S.C.Harrison (1996).
Comparison of two different DNA-binding modes of the NF-kappa B p50 homodimer.
  Nat Struct Biol, 3, 224-227.  
  8622661 D.W.White, G.A.Pitoc, and T.D.Gilmore (1996).
Interaction of the v-Rel oncoprotein with NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins: heterodimers of a transformation-defective v-Rel mutant and NF-2 are functional in vitro and in vivo.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 1169-1178.  
  8627798 E.M.Rottjakob, S.Sachdev, C.A.Leanna, T.A.McKinsey, and M.Hannink (1996).
PEST-dependent cytoplasmic retention of v-Rel by I(kappa)B-alpha: evidence that I(kappa)B-alpha regulates cellular localization of c-Rel and v-Rel by distinct mechanisms.
  J Virol, 70, 3176-3188.  
  8670842 G.Franzoso, L.Carlson, K.Brown, M.B.Daucher, P.Bressler, and U.Siebenlist (1996).
Activation of the serum response factor by p65/NF-kappaB.
  EMBO J, 15, 3403-3412.  
  8807872 H.C.Nelson, and T.H.Bestor (1996).
Base eversion and shuffling by DNA methyltransferases.
  Chem Biol, 3, 419-423.  
  8816457 H.Suyang, R.Phillips, I.Douglas, and S.Ghosh (1996).
Role of unphosphorylated, newly synthesized I kappa B beta in persistent activation of NF-kappa B.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 5444-5449.  
  8736558 J.Qin, G.M.Clore, W.P.Kennedy, J.Kuszewski, and A.M.Gronenborn (1996).
The solution structure of human thioredoxin complexed with its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal.
  Structure, 4, 613-620.
PDB codes: 1cqg 1cqh
8710491 J.R.Matthews, C.H.Botting, M.Panico, H.R.Morris, and R.T.Hay (1996).
Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding by nitric oxide.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 24, 2236-2242.  
8550590 L.Baldi, K.Brown, G.Franzoso, and U.Siebenlist (1996).
Critical role for lysines 21 and 22 in signal-induced, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of I kappa B-alpha.
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  8628291 L.Lin, and S.Ghosh (1996).
A glycine-rich region in NF-kappaB p105 functions as a processing signal for the generation of the p50 subunit.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 2248-2254.  
8662809 M.A.Perrella, C.Patterson, L.Tan, S.F.Yet, C.M.Hsieh, M.Yoshizumi, and M.E.Lee (1996).
Suppression of interleukin-1beta-induced nitric-oxide synthase promoter/enhancer activity by transforming growth factor-beta1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Evidence for mechanisms other than NF-kappaB.
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8696978 M.Chytil, and G.L.Verdine (1996).
The Rel family of eukaryotic transcription factors.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 6, 91.  
8631829 M.Roff, J.Thompson, M.S.Rodriguez, J.M.Jacque, F.Baleux, F.Arenzana-Seisdedos, and R.T.Hay (1996).
Role of IkappaBalpha ubiquitination in signal-induced activation of NFkappaB in vivo.
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8899295 P.Beauparlant, and J.Hiscott (1996).
Biological and biochemical inhibitors of the NF-kappa B/Rel proteins and cytokine synthesis.
  Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 7, 175-190.  
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I(kappa)B(gamma) inhibits DNA binding of NF-kappaB p50 homodimers by interacting with residues that contact DNA.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 6477-6485.  
  8622655 S.Govind, E.Drier, L.H.Huang, and R.Steward (1996).
Regulated nuclear import of the Drosophila rel protein dorsal: structure-function analysis.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 1103-1114.  
  8622650 S.Sun, J.Elwood, and W.C.Greene (1996).
Both amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences within I kappa B alpha regulate its inducible degradation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 16, 1058-1065.  
8920856 V.S.Shapiro, M.N.Mollenauer, W.C.Greene, and A.Weiss (1996).
c-rel regulation of IL-2 gene expression may be mediated through activation of AP-1.
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7773784 A.K.Aggarwal (1995).
A gripping end to NF-kappa B.
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Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytokine gene expression in myeloid cells by NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors.
  Microbiol Rev, 59, 481-505.  
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Structure of the even-skipped homeodomain complexed to AT-rich DNA: new perspectives on homeodomain specificity.
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PDB code: 1jgg
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Structure of the NF-kappa B transcription factor: a holistic interaction with DNA.
  Structure, 3, 135-141.  
  7788295 J.Qin, G.M.Clore, W.M.Kennedy, J.R.Huth, and A.M.Gronenborn (1995).
Solution structure of human thioredoxin in a mixed disulfide intermediate complex with its target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B.
  Structure, 3, 289-297.
PDB codes: 1mdi 1mdj 1mdk
7567448 J.R.Matthews, J.Nicholson, E.Jaffray, S.M.Kelly, N.C.Price, and R.T.Hay (1995).
Conformational changes induced by DNA binding of NF-kappa B.
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Regulation of the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B.
  Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 27, 865-879.  
8548798 J.V.Falvo, D.Thanos, and T.Maniatis (1995).
Reversal of intrinsic DNA bends in the IFN beta gene enhancer by transcription factors and the architectural protein HMG I(Y).
  Cell, 83, 1101-1111.  
7624321 L.Shapiro, P.D.Kwong, A.M.Fannon, D.R.Colman, and W.A.Hendrickson (1995).
Considerations on the folding topology and evolutionary origin of cadherin domains.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92, 6793-6797.  
8597085 M.L.Schmitz (1995).
Function and activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B in the response to toxins and pathogens.
  Toxicol Lett, 82, 407-411.  
9415148 O.Heidenreich, S.H.Kang, X.Xu, and M.Nerenberg (1995).
Application of antisense technology to therapeutics.
  Mol Med Today, 1, 128-133.  
  7760806 R.P.Ryseck, J.Novotny, and R.Bravo (1995).
Characterization of elements determining the dimerization properties of RelB and p50.
  Mol Cell Biol, 15, 3100-3109.  
  9383407 S.K.Burley (1995).
Rel revealed: cocrystal structures of the NF-kappa B p50 homodimer.
  Chem Biol, 2, 77-81.  
7749981 T.Hoey, Y.L.Sun, K.Williamson, and X.Xu (1995).
Isolation of two new members of the NF-AT gene family and functional characterization of the NF-AT proteins.
  Immunity, 2, 461-472.  
7552992 T.S.Finco, and A.S.Baldwin (1995).
Mechanistic aspects of NF-kappa B regulation: the emerging role of phosphorylation and proteolysis.
  Immunity, 3, 263-272.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.