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Kinase/hydrolase PDB id
1he8
Jmol
Contents
Protein chains
749 a.a. *
166 a.a. *
Ligands
GNP
Metals
_MG
Waters ×6
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1he8
Name: Kinase/hydrolase
Title: Ras g12v - pi 3-kinase gamma complex
Structure: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit, gamma isoform. Chain: a. Fragment: p110 gamma catalytic subunit. Synonym: pi3-kinase p110 subunit gamma, ptdins-3-kinase p110, pi3k. Engineered: yes. Mutation: yes. Transforming protein p21/h-ras-1.
Source: Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Expressed in: spodoptera frugiperda. Expression_system_taxid: 7108. Expression_system_cell_line: sf9. Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562. Expression_system_cell_line: c41(de3).
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
3.0Å     R-factor:   0.212     R-free:   0.280
Authors: M.E.Pacold,S.Suire,O.Perisic,S.Lara-Gonzalez,C.T.Davis, P.T.Hawkins,E.H.Walker,L.Stephens,J.F.Eccleston, R.L.Williams
Key ref:
M.E.Pacold et al. (2000). Crystal structure and functional analysis of Ras binding to its effector phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. Cell, 103, 931-943. PubMed id: 11136978 DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00196-3
Date:
20-Nov-00     Release date:   08-Jan-01    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P48736  (PK3CG_HUMAN) -  Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform
Seq:
Struc:
 
Seq:
Struc:
 
Seq:
Struc:
1102 a.a.
749 a.a.*
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P23175  (RASH_MSVNS) -  GTPase HRas
Seq:
Struc:
189 a.a.
166 a.a.*
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain
* PDB and UniProt seqs differ at 3 residue positions (black crosses)

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class 2: Chain A: E.C.2.7.1.153  - Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase.
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]

      Pathway:
1-Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol Metabolism
      Reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
ATP
+ 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
=
ADP
Bound ligand (Het Group name = GNP)
matches with 78.00% similarity
+ 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
   Enzyme class 3: Chain A: E.C.2.7.11.1  - Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase.
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]
      Reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
ATP
+ protein
= ADP
+ phosphoprotein
Note, where more than one E.C. class is given (as above), each may correspond to a different protein domain or, in the case of polyprotein precursors, to a different mature protein.
Molecule diagrams generated from .mol files obtained from the KEGG ftp site
 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     membrane   2 terms 
  Biological process     signal transduction   5 terms 
  Biochemical function     binding     8 terms  

 

 
    reference    
 
 
DOI no: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00196-3 Cell 103:931-943 (2000)
PubMed id: 11136978  
 
 
Crystal structure and functional analysis of Ras binding to its effector phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma.
M.E.Pacold, S.Suire, O.Perisic, S.Lara-Gonzalez, C.T.Davis, E.H.Walker, P.T.Hawkins, L.Stephens, J.F.Eccleston, R.L.Williams.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
Ras activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is important for survival of transformed cells. We find that PI3Kgamma is strongly and directly activated by H-Ras G12V in vivo or by GTPgammaS-loaded H-Ras in vitro. We have determined a crystal structure of a PI3Kgamma/Ras.GMPPNP complex. A critical loop in the Ras binding domain positions Ras so that it uses its switch I and switch II regions to bind PI3Kgamma. Mutagenesis shows that interactions with both regions are essential for binding PI3Kgamma. Ras also forms a direct contact with the PI3Kgamma catalytic domain. These unique Ras/PI3Kgamma interactions are likely to be shared by PI3Kalpha. The complex with Ras shows a change in the PI3K conformation that may represent an allosteric component of Ras activation.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Structure of a Ras·PI3Kγ Complex(A) Diagram of the PI3Kγ·Ras interface. Also shown are the residues that hold the 255–267 loop in place. The RBD is colored purple, the Ras is orange, and the catalytic domain is yellow. Putative hydrogen bonds are indicated by dashed lines, and possible salt bridges by dotted lines. PI3Kγ residues that can be mutated to eliminate or attenuate binding are colored red or blue, respectively. Ellipses indicate residues that were mutated to enhance binding. The V223K tighter binding mutant is shown hydrogen bonding to Ras Glu37.(B) A closer view of the interface between the RBD (purple) and Ras (orange). The switch I and switch II regions of Ras are colored pale and dark blue, respectively. Boxes around residue labels denote mutations that abolish binding, and ellipses indicate mutations that enhance binding. The 255–267 loop that becomes ordered on binding is colored dark green. The GMPPNP and Mg^2+ in Ras are rendered in gray.(C) Molecular surface of the Ras·PI3Kγ complex. The Ras (orange) and four domains of the PI3Kγ, comprising the RBD (purple), C2 domain (cyan), helical domain (green), and N- and C-terminal lobes of the catalytic domain (red and yellow) are shown. The N-terminal linker is rendered in white. A schematic of PI3Kγ domain organization is also shown.(D) Ribbon diagram of the Ras·PI3Kγ complex. The color scheme is the same as the previous panel. The location of the γ phosphate of the ATP·PI3Kγ structure is marked with a large gray sphere. This location roughly corresponds to the phosphoinositide headgroup binding site.
Figure 6.
Figure 6. A Putative Model of the Ras·PI3Kγ Complex at a Membrane SurfaceAll regions not visible in the structure are drawn as dashed lines. Lys973 marks the substrate binding loop. The 20 residue C-terminal tail of Ras was arbitrarily modeled to illustrate that this peptide could easily span the gap between the RBD-bound Ras and the putative membrane surface. The location of the farnesyl group is indicated schematically. Potential membrane-interacting residues at the tips of the catalytic domain loops are labeled.
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Cell Press: Cell (2000, 103, 931-943) copyright 2000.  
  Figures were selected by the author.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
20949621 L.Gremer, T.Merbitz-Zahradnik, R.Dvorsky, I.C.Cirstea, C.P.Kratz, M.Zenker, A.Wittinghofer, and M.R.Ahmadian (2011).
Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.
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21035483 L.Stephens, and P.Hawkins (2011).
Signalling via class IA PI3Ks.
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21210909 M.Hardt, N.Chantaravisoot, and F.Tamanoi (2011).
Activating mutations of TOR (target of rapamycin).
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21235523 M.Hertzog, and P.Chavrier (2011).
Cell polarity during motile processes: keeping on track with the exocyst complex.
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21283725 Y.Fujioka, M.Tsuda, T.Hattori, J.Sasaki, T.Sasaki, T.Miyazaki, and Y.Ohba (2011).
The Ras-PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of Influenza Viruses.
  PLoS One, 6, e16324.  
20081827 A.Berndt, S.Miller, O.Williams, D.D.Le, B.T.Houseman, J.I.Pacold, F.Gorrec, W.C.Hon, Y.Liu, C.Rommel, P.Gaillard, T.Rückle, M.K.Schwarz, K.M.Shokat, J.P.Shaw, and R.L.Williams (2010).
The p110 delta structure: mechanisms for selectivity and potency of new PI(3)K inhibitors.
  Nat Chem Biol, 6, 117-124.
PDB codes: 2wxe 2wxf 2wxg 2wxh 2wxi 2wxj 2wxk 2wxl 2wxm 2wxn 2wxo 2wxp 2wxq 2wxr 2x38
20379207 B.Vanhaesebroeck, J.Guillermet-Guibert, M.Graupera, and B.Bilanges (2010).
The emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific PI3K signalling.
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20080631 D.Abankwa, A.A.Gorfe, K.Inder, and J.F.Hancock (2010).
Ras membrane orientation and nanodomain localization generate isoform diversity.
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20194776 G.Buhrman, G.Holzapfel, S.Fetics, and C.Mattos (2010).
Allosteric modulation of Ras positions Q61 for a direct role in catalysis.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 4931-4936.
PDB codes: 3k8y 3k9n 3lbh 3lbi 3lbn
20660630 H.Cai, S.Das, Y.Kamimura, Y.Long, C.A.Parent, and P.N.Devreotes (2010).
Ras-mediated activation of the TORC2-PKB pathway is critical for chemotaxis.
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20686178 J.N.Andersen, S.Sathyanarayanan, A.Di Bacco, A.Chi, T.Zhang, A.H.Chen, B.Dolinski, M.Kraus, B.Roberts, W.Arthur, R.A.Klinghoffer, D.Gargano, L.Li, I.Feldman, B.Lynch, J.Rush, R.C.Hendrickson, P.Blume-Jensen, and C.P.Paweletz (2010).
Pathway-based identification of biomarkers for targeted therapeutics: personalized oncology with PI3K pathway inhibitors.
  Sci Transl Med, 2, 43ra55.  
20085938 K.D.Courtney, R.B.Corcoran, and J.A.Engelman (2010).
The PI3K pathway as drug target in human cancer.
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21072204 L.C.Kompier, I.Lurkin, M.N.van der Aa, B.W.van Rhijn, T.H.van der Kwast, and E.C.Zwarthoff (2010).
FGFR3, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and PIK3CA mutations in bladder cancer and their potential as biomarkers for surveillance and therapy.
  PLoS One, 5, e13821.  
  20009532 L.Zhao, and P.K.Vogt (2010).
Hot-spot mutations in p110alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pI3K): differential interactions with the regulatory subunit p85 and with RAS.
  Cell Cycle, 9, 596-600.  
20176047 N.T.Ihle, and G.Powis (2010).
Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase in cancer therapy.
  Mol Aspects Med, 31, 135-144.  
  19962457 S.B.Gabelli, D.Mandelker, O.Schmidt-Kittler, B.Vogelstein, and L.M.Amzel (2010).
Somatic mutations in PI3Kalpha: structural basis for enzyme activation and drug design.
  Biochim Biophys Acta, 1804, 533-540.  
20818422 T.Tanaka, and T.H.Rabbitts (2010).
Interfering with RAS-effector protein interactions prevent RAS-dependent tumour initiation and causes stop-start control of cancer growth.
  Oncogene, 29, 6064-6070.  
19906996 B.Kurig, A.Shymanets, T.Bohnacker, Prajwal, C.Brock, M.R.Ahmadian, M.Schaefer, A.Gohla, C.Harteneck, M.P.Wymann, E.Jeanclos, and B.Nürnberg (2009).
Ras is an indispensable coregulator of the class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase p87/p110gamma.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 20312-20317.  
19776012 C.Kiel, D.Filchtinski, M.Spoerner, G.Schreiber, H.R.Kalbitzer, and C.Herrmann (2009).
Improved binding of raf to Ras.GDP is correlated with biological activity.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 31893-31902.  
19376709 E.Hirsch, L.Braccini, E.Ciraolo, F.Morello, and A.Perino (2009).
Twice upon a time: PI3K's secret double life exposed.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 34, 244-248.  
19801192 G.Fuentes, and A.Valencia (2009).
Ras classical effectors: new tales from in silico complexes.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 34, 533-539.  
19779456 H.Lempiäinen, and T.D.Halazonetis (2009).
Emerging common themes in regulation of PIKKs and PI3Ks.
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19366732 H.Yan, M.L.Chin, E.A.Horvath, E.A.Kane, and C.M.Pfleger (2009).
Impairment of ubiquitylation by mutation in Drosophila E1 promotes both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous Ras-ERK activation in vivo.
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19629070 J.A.Engelman (2009).
Targeting PI3K signalling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations.
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18765678 J.Avruch, X.Long, S.Ortiz-Vega, J.Rapley, A.Papageorgiou, and N.Dai (2009).
Amino acid regulation of TOR complex 1.
  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296, E592-E602.  
19091745 J.H.Raaijmakers, and J.L.Bos (2009).
Specificity in ras and rap signaling.
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19139107 N.T.Ihle, and G.Powis (2009).
Take your PIK: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors race through the clinic and toward cancer therapy.
  Mol Cancer Ther, 8, 1-9.  
19580826 T.Sasaki, S.Takasuga, J.Sasaki, S.Kofuji, S.Eguchi, M.Yamazaki, and A.Suzuki (2009).
Mammalian phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases.
  Prog Lipid Res, 48, 307-343.  
  19902965 T.W.Sturgill, and M.N.Hall (2009).
Activating mutations in TOR are in similar structures as oncogenic mutations in PI3KCalpha.
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19133120 V.Wells, and L.Mallucci (2009).
PI3K targeting by the beta-GBP cytokine negates akt gene expression and leads aggressive breast cancer cells to apoptotic death.
  Breast Cancer Res, 11, R2.  
18786395 A.Schulte, B.Stolp, A.Schönichen, O.Pylypenko, A.Rak, O.T.Fackler, and M.Geyer (2008).
The human formin FHOD1 contains a bipartite structure of FH3 and GTPase-binding domains required for activation.
  Structure, 16, 1313-1323.
PDB code: 3dad
18596699 B.Stieglitz, C.Bee, D.Schwarz, O.Yildiz, A.Moshnikova, A.Khokhlatchev, and C.Herrmann (2008).
Novel type of Ras effector interaction established between tumour suppressor NORE1A and Ras switch II.
  EMBO J, 27, 1995-2005.
PDB code: 3ddc
19096503 C.Kiel, D.Aydin, and L.Serrano (2008).
Association rate constants of ras-effector interactions are evolutionarily conserved.
  PLoS Comput Biol, 4, e1000245.  
18273062 D.Abankwa, M.Hanzal-Bayer, N.Ariotti, S.J.Plowman, A.A.Gorfe, R.G.Parton, J.A.McCammon, and J.F.Hancock (2008).
A novel switch region regulates H-ras membrane orientation and signal output.
  EMBO J, 27, 727-735.  
18467631 D.Serban, J.Leng, and D.Cheresh (2008).
H-ras regulates angiogenesis and vascular permeability by activation of distinct downstream effectors.
  Circ Res, 102, 1350-1358.  
18354782 L.E.Goldfinger (2008).
Choose your own path: specificity in Ras GTPase signaling.
  Mol Biosyst, 4, 293-299.  
18633356 L.M.Amzel, C.H.Huang, D.Mandelker, C.Lengauer, S.B.Gabelli, and B.Vogelstein (2008).
Structural comparisons of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 8, 665-669.  
18268322 L.Zhao, and P.K.Vogt (2008).
Helical domain and kinase domain mutations in p110alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase induce gain of function by different mechanisms.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 2652-2657.  
18794883 L.Zhao, and P.K.Vogt (2008).
Class I PI3K in oncogenic cellular transformation.
  Oncogene, 27, 5486-5496.  
18474610 S.Jeganathan, A.Morrow, A.Amiri, and J.M.Lee (2008).
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A2 cooperates with phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta to stimulate production of filopodia through increased phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate generation.
  Mol Cell Biol, 28, 4549-4561.  
18794128 W.Guo, S.Wu, J.Liu, and B.Fang (2008).
Identification of a small molecule with synthetic lethality for K-ras and protein kinase C iota.
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19384426 A.Arcaro, and A.S.Guerreiro (2007).
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in human cancer: genetic alterations and therapeutic implications.
  Curr Genomics, 8, 271-306.  
17635933 A.T.Sasaki, C.Janetopoulos, S.Lee, P.G.Charest, K.Takeda, L.W.Sundheimer, R.Meili, P.N.Devreotes, and R.A.Firtel (2007).
G protein-independent Ras/PI3K/F-actin circuit regulates basic cell motility.
  J Cell Biol, 178, 185-191.  
18079394 C.H.Huang, D.Mandelker, O.Schmidt-Kittler, Y.Samuels, V.E.Velculescu, K.W.Kinzler, B.Vogelstein, S.B.Gabelli, and L.M.Amzel (2007).
The structure of a human p110alpha/p85alpha complex elucidates the effects of oncogenic PI3Kalpha mutations.
  Science, 318, 1744-1748.
PDB code: 2rd0
17599936 C.Kiel, and L.Serrano (2007).
Prediction of Ras-effector interactions using position energy matrices.
  Bioinformatics, 23, 2226-2230.  
17888420 D.D.O'Keefe, D.A.Prober, P.S.Moyle, W.L.Rickoll, and B.A.Edgar (2007).
Egfr/Ras signaling regulates DE-cadherin/Shotgun localization to control vein morphogenesis in the Drosophila wing.
  Dev Biol, 311, 25-39.  
17631144 F.Zhu, T.A.Zykova, B.S.Kang, Z.Wang, M.C.Ebeling, Y.Abe, W.Y.Ma, A.M.Bode, and Z.Dong (2007).
Bidirectional signals transduced by TOPK-ERK interaction increase tumorigenesis of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells.
  Gastroenterology, 133, 219-231.  
17213204 I.Tossidou, C.Kardinal, I.Peters, W.Kriz, A.Shaw, I.Dikic, S.Tkachuk, I.Dumler, H.Haller, and M.Schiffer (2007).
CD2AP/CIN85 balance determines receptor tyrosine kinase signaling response in podocytes.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 7457-7464.  
17540175 S.Gupta, A.R.Ramjaun, P.Haiko, Y.Wang, P.H.Warne, B.Nicke, E.Nye, G.Stamp, K.Alitalo, and J.Downward (2007).
Binding of ras to phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110alpha is required for ras-driven tumorigenesis in mice.
  Cell, 129, 957-968.  
17384584 S.Schubbert, K.Shannon, and G.Bollag (2007).
Hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders and cancer.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 7, 295-308.  
17720810 T.Strahl, I.G.Huttner, J.D.Lusin, M.Osawa, D.King, J.Thorner, and J.B.Ames (2007).
Structural insights into activation of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (Pik1) by yeast frequenin (Frq1).
  J Biol Chem, 282, 30949-30959.
PDB code: 2ju0
17568777 T.Tanaka, R.L.Williams, and T.H.Rabbitts (2007).
Tumour prevention by a single antibody domain targeting the interaction of signal transduction proteins with RAS.
  EMBO J, 26, 3250-3259.
PDB code: 2uzi
16526274 A.Moon (2006).
Differential functions of Ras for malignant phenotypic conversion.
  Arch Pharm Res, 29, 113-122.  
16531227 B.Ford, V.Hornak, H.Kleinman, and N.Nassar (2006).
Structure of a transient intermediate for GTP hydrolysis by ras.
  Structure, 14, 427-436.
PDB codes: 1zvq 1zw6
16428446 D.M.Truckses, J.E.Bloomekatz, and J.Thorner (2006).
The RA domain of Ste50 adaptor protein is required for delivery of Ste11 to the plasma membrane in the filamentous growth signaling pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  Mol Cell Biol, 26, 912-928.  
16803895 F.Henle, C.Fischer, D.K.Meyer, and J.Leemhuis (2006).
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and PACAP38 control N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced dendrite motility by modifying the activities of Rho GTPases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 24955-24969.  
16607282 M.Gaffré, A.Dupré, R.Valuckaite, K.Suziedelis, C.Jessus, and O.Haccard (2006).
Deciphering the H-Ras pathway in Xenopus oocyte.
  Oncogene, 25, 5155-5162.  
17041587 M.H.Orme, S.Alrubaie, G.L.Bradley, C.D.Walker, and S.J.Leevers (2006).
Input from Ras is required for maximal PI(3)K signalling in Drosophila.
  Nat Cell Biol, 8, 1298-1302.  
16467781 M.Santra, M.Katakowski, R.L.Zhang, Z.G.Zhang, H.Meng, F.Jiang, and M.Chopp (2006).
Protection of adult mouse progenitor cells and human glioma cells by de novo decorin expression in an oxygen- and glucose-deprived cell culture model system.
  J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 26, 1311-1322.  
16707026 S.S.Cox, M.van der Giezen, S.J.Tarr, M.R.Crompton, and J.Tovar (2006).
Evidence from bioinformatics, expression and inhibition studies of phosphoinositide-3 kinase signalling in Giardia intestinalis.
  BMC Microbiol, 6, 45.  
17041586 S.Suire, A.M.Condliffe, G.J.Ferguson, C.D.Ellson, H.Guillou, K.Davidson, H.Welch, J.Coadwell, M.Turner, E.R.Chilvers, P.T.Hawkins, and L.Stephens (2006).
Gbetagammas and the Ras binding domain of p110gamma are both important regulators of PI(3)Kgamma signalling in neutrophils.
  Nat Cell Biol, 8, 1303-1309.  
16483931 T.D.Bunney, R.Harris, N.L.Gandarillas, M.B.Josephs, S.M.Roe, S.C.Sorli, H.F.Paterson, F.Rodrigues-Lima, D.Esposito, C.P.Ponting, P.Gierschik, L.H.Pearl, P.C.Driscoll, and M.Katan (2006).
Structural and mechanistic insights into ras association domains of phospholipase C epsilon.
  Mol Cell, 21, 495-507.
PDB codes: 2bye 2byf 2c5l
17080027 T.Rückle, M.K.Schwarz, and C.Rommel (2006).
PI3Kgamma inhibition: towards an 'aspirin of the 21st century'?
  Nat Rev Drug Discov, 5, 903-918.  
16316996 Y.Li, S.Asuri, J.F.Rebhun, A.F.Castro, N.C.Paranavitana, and L.A.Quilliam (2006).
The RAP1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac2 couples cyclic AMP and Ras signals at the plasma membrane.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 2506-2514.  
15878843 B.Ford, K.Skowronek, S.Boykevisch, D.Bar-Sagi, and N.Nassar (2005).
Structure of the G60A mutant of Ras: implications for the dominant negative effect.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 25697-25705.  
15666353 E.Procko, and S.R.McColl (2005).
Leukocytes on the move with phosphoinositide 3-kinase and its downstream effectors.
  Bioessays, 27, 153-163.  
15677464 I.Shin, S.Kim, H.Song, H.R.Kim, and A.Moon (2005).
H-Ras-specific activation of Rac-MKK3/6-p38 pathway: its critical role in invasion and migration of breast epithelial cells.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 14675-14683.  
15657054 M.D.Jacobs, J.Black, O.Futer, L.Swenson, B.Hare, M.Fleming, and K.Saxena (2005).
Pim-1 ligand-bound structures reveal the mechanism of serine/threonine kinase inhibition by LY294002.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 13728-13734.
PDB codes: 1yhs 1yi3 1yi4
15994326 M.Ye, F.Shima, S.Muraoka, J.Liao, H.Okamoto, M.Yamamoto, A.Tamura, N.Yagi, T.Ueki, and T.Kataoka (2005).
Crystal structure of M-Ras reveals a GTP-bound "off" state conformation of Ras family small GTPases.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 31267-31275.
PDB codes: 1x1r 1x1s
16356760 R.Blum, and Y.Kloog (2005).
Tailoring Ras-pathway--inhibitor combinations for cancer therapy.
  Drug Resist Updat, 8, 369-380.  
15920473 R.Jin, J.R.Junutula, H.T.Matern, K.E.Ervin, R.H.Scheller, and A.T.Brunger (2005).
Exo84 and Sec5 are competitive regulatory Sec6/8 effectors to the RalA GTPase.
  EMBO J, 24, 2064-2074.
PDB codes: 1zc3 1zc4
15590654 Y.Hirano, S.Yoshinaga, R.Takeya, N.N.Suzuki, M.Horiuchi, M.Kohjima, H.Sumimoto, and F.Inagaki (2005).
Structure of a cell polarity regulator, a complex between atypical PKC and Par6 PB1 domains.
  J Biol Chem, 280, 9653-9661.
PDB code: 1wmh
16356851 Y.Takemoto, H.Watanabe, K.Uchida, K.Matsumura, K.Nakae, E.Tashiro, K.Shindo, T.Kitahara, and M.Imoto (2005).
Chemistry and biology of moverastins, inhibitors of cancer cell migration, produced by Aspergillus.
  Chem Biol, 12, 1337-1347.  
15534002 A.T.Sasaki, C.Chun, K.Takeda, and R.A.Firtel (2004).
Localized Ras signaling at the leading edge regulates PI3K, cell polarity, and directional cell movement.
  J Cell Biol, 167, 505-518.  
15653425 E.J.Helmreich (2004).
Structural flexibility of small GTPases. Can it explain their functional versatility?
  Biol Chem, 385, 1121-1136.  
15149544 E.K.Schmidt, S.Fichelson, and S.M.Feller (2004).
PI3 kinase is important for Ras, MEK and Erk activation of Epo-stimulated human erythroid progenitors.
  BMC Biol, 2, 7.  
15143186 P.Rodriguez-Viciana, C.Sabatier, and F.McCormick (2004).
Signaling specificity by Ras family GTPases is determined by the full spectrum of effectors they regulate.
  Mol Cell Biol, 24, 4943-4954.  
15311280 P.Viard, A.J.Butcher, G.Halet, A.Davies, B.Nürnberg, F.Heblich, and A.C.Dolphin (2004).
PI3K promotes voltage-dependent calcium channel trafficking to the plasma membrane.
  Nat Neurosci, 7, 939-946.  
14660612 R.Dvorsky, L.Blumenstein, I.R.Vetter, and M.R.Ahmadian (2004).
Structural insights into the interaction of ROCKI with the switch regions of RhoA.
  J Biol Chem, 279, 7098-7104.
PDB code: 1s1c
15296756 S.Krugmann, R.Williams, L.Stephens, and P.T.Hawkins (2004).
ARAP3 is a PI3K- and rap-regulated GAP for RhoA.
  Curr Biol, 14, 1380-1384.  
14580338 B.Panic, O.Perisic, D.B.Veprintsev, R.L.Williams, and S.Munro (2003).
Structural basis for Arl1-dependent targeting of homodimeric GRIP domains to the Golgi apparatus.
  Mol Cell, 12, 863-874.
PDB code: 1upt
12507995 C.Brock, M.Schaefer, H.P.Reusch, C.Czupalla, M.Michalke, K.Spicher, G.Schultz, and B.Nürnberg (2003).
Roles of G beta gamma in membrane recruitment and activation of p110 gamma/p101 phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma.
  J Cell Biol, 160, 89-99.  
12581669 C.Herrmann (2003).
Ras-effector interactions: after one decade.
  Curr Opin Struct Biol, 13, 122-129.  
  12842038 G.Buhrman, V.de Serrano, and C.Mattos (2003).
Organic solvents order the dynamic switch II in Ras crystals.
  Structure, 11, 747-751.
PDB codes: 1p2s 1p2t 1p2u 1p2v
12509763 J.Downward (2003).
Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 3, 11-22.  
12910454 L.Oliveira, P.B.Paiva, A.C.Paiva, and G.Vriend (2003).
Identification of functionally conserved residues with the use of entropy-variability plots.
  Proteins, 52, 544-552.  
12887891 M.I.Wilson, D.J.Gill, O.Perisic, M.T.Quinn, and R.L.Williams (2003).
PB1 domain-mediated heterodimerization in NADPH oxidase and signaling complexes of atypical protein kinase C with Par6 and p62.
  Mol Cell, 12, 39-50.
PDB code: 1oey
12778136 M.Malumbres, and M.Barbacid (2003).
RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years.
  Nat Rev Cancer, 3, 459-465.  
  12871670 M.P.Wymann, M.Zvelebil, and M.Laffargue (2003).
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling--which way to target?
  Trends Pharmacol Sci, 24, 366-376.  
12839989 S.Fukai, H.T.Matern, J.R.Jagath, R.H.Scheller, and A.T.Brunger (2003).
Structural basis of the interaction between RalA and Sec5, a subunit of the sec6/8 complex.
  EMBO J, 22, 3267-3278.
PDB code: 1uad
12904304 S.L.Christian, R.L.Lee, S.J.McLeod, A.E.Burgess, A.H.Li, M.Dang-Lawson, K.B.Lin, and M.R.Gold (2003).
Activation of the Rap GTPases in B lymphocytes modulates B cell antigen receptor-induced activation of Akt but has no effect on MAPK activation.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 41756-41767.  
12628188 S.M.Margarit, H.Sondermann, B.E.Hall, B.Nagar, A.Hoelz, M.Pirruccello, D.Bar-Sagi, and J.Kuriyan (2003).
Structural evidence for feedback activation by Ras.GTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS.
  Cell, 112, 685-695.
PDB codes: 1nvu 1nvv 1nvw 1nvx
12654246 T.Schwartz, and G.Blobel (2003).
Structural basis for the function of the beta subunit of the eukaryotic signal recognition particle receptor.
  Cell, 112, 793-803.
PDB code: 1nrj
12606568 T.Tanaka, and T.H.Rabbitts (2003).
Intrabodies based on intracellular capture frameworks that bind the RAS protein with high affinity and impair oncogenic transformation.
  EMBO J, 22, 1025-1035.  
12208851 D.A.Prober, and B.A.Edgar (2002).
Interactions between Ras1, dMyc, and dPI3K signaling in the developing Drosophila wing.
  Genes Dev, 16, 2286-2299.  
11955434 H.C.Welch, W.J.Coadwell, C.D.Ellson, G.J.Ferguson, S.R.Andrews, H.Erdjument-Bromage, P.Tempst, P.T.Hawkins, and L.R.Stephens (2002).
P-Rex1, a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3- and Gbetagamma-regulated guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rac.
  Cell, 108, 809-821.  
11891120 L.Stephens, C.Ellson, and P.Hawkins (2002).
Roles of PI3Ks in leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis.
  Curr Opin Cell Biol, 14, 203-213.  
11980706 M.Hanzal-Bayer, L.Renault, P.Roversi, A.Wittinghofer, and R.C.Hillig (2002).
The complex of Arl2-GTP and PDE delta: from structure to function.
  EMBO J, 21, 2095-2106.
PDB codes: 1ksg 1ksh 1ksj
11723130 M.Kido, F.Shima, T.Satoh, T.Asato, K.Kariya, and T.Kataoka (2002).
Critical function of the Ras-associating domain as a primary Ras-binding site for regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 3117-3123.  
12151228 S.Djordjevic, and P.C.Driscoll (2002).
Structural insight into substrate specificity and regulatory mechanisms of phosphoinositide 3-kinases.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 27, 426-432.  
12062104 S.Funamoto, R.Meili, S.Lee, L.Parry, and R.A.Firtel (2002).
Spatial and temporal regulation of 3-phosphoinositides by PI 3-kinase and PTEN mediates chemotaxis.
  Cell, 109, 611-623.  
11748241 T.Linnemann, C.Kiel, P.Herter, and C.Herrmann (2002).
The activation of RalGDS can be achieved independently of its Ras binding domain. Implications of an activation mechanism in Ras effector specificity and signal distribution.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 7831-7837.  
11784866 Y.Wang, R.T.Waldron, A.Dhaka, A.Patel, M.M.Riley, E.Rozengurt, and J.Colicelli (2002).
The RAS effector RIN1 directly competes with RAF and is regulated by 14-3-3 proteins.
  Mol Cell Biol, 22, 916-926.  
11395417 B.Vanhaesebroeck, S.J.Leevers, K.Ahmadi, J.Timms, R.Katso, P.C.Driscoll, R.Woscholski, P.J.Parker, and M.D.Waterfield (2001).
Synthesis and function of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids.
  Annu Rev Biochem, 70, 535-602.  
11500376 C.J.Lim, G.B.Spiegelman, and G.Weeks (2001).
RasC is required for optimal activation of adenylyl cyclase and Akt/PKB during aggregation.
  EMBO J, 20, 4490-4499.  
11701921 I.R.Vetter, and A.Wittinghofer (2001).
The guanine nucleotide-binding switch in three dimensions.
  Science, 294, 1299-1304.  
11738594 K.D.Corbett, and T.Alber (2001).
The many faces of Ras: recognition of small GTP-binding proteins.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 26, 710-716.  
  11709168 K.Scheffzek, P.Grünewald, S.Wohlgemuth, W.Kabsch, H.Tu, M.Wigler, A.Wittinghofer, and C.Herrmann (2001).
The Ras-Byr2RBD complex: structural basis for Ras effector recognition in yeast.
  Structure, 9, 1043-1050.
PDB code: 1k8r
  11709167 W.Gronwald, F.Huber, P.Grünewald, M.Spörner, S.Wohlgemuth, C.Herrmann, and H.R.Kalbitzer (2001).
Solution structure of the Ras binding domain of the protein kinase Byr2 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  Structure, 9, 1029-1041.
PDB code: 1i35
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB codes are shown on the right.