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Ribosome PDB id
1gix
Jmol
Contents
Protein chains
234 a.a.* *
206 a.a.* *
208 a.a.* *
150 a.a.* *
101 a.a.* *
155 a.a.* *
138 a.a.* *
127 a.a.* *
98 a.a.* *
119 a.a.* *
124 a.a.* *
125 a.a.* *
60 a.a.* *
88 a.a.* *
83 a.a.* *
104 a.a.* *
73 a.a.* *
80 a.a.* *
99 a.a.* *
24 a.a.* *
DNA/RNA
* Residue conservation analysis
* C-alpha coords only
PDB id:
1gix
Name: Ribosome
Title: Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 a resolution. This 1gix, contains the 30s ribosome subunit, three tRNA, and mr molecules. 50s ribosome subunit is in the file 1giy
Structure: 30s 16s ribosomal RNA. Chain: a. tRNA(phe). Chain: b, c. Engineered: yes. Other_details: a-site tRNA chain b, p-site tRNA chain c. tRNA(phe). Chain: d. Engineered: yes.
Source: Thermus thermophilus. Organism_taxid: 274. Synthetic: yes. Other_details: sequence naturally occurs in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Organism_taxid: 274
Biol. unit: 25mer (from PQS)
Resolution:
5.50Å     R-factor:   not given    
Authors: M.M.Yusupov,G.Z.Yusupova,A.Baucom,K.Lieberman,T.N.Earnest,J. H.F.Noller
Key ref:
M.M.Yusupov et al. (2001). Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution. Science, 292, 883-896. PubMed id: 11283358 DOI: 10.1126/science.1060089
Date:
30-Mar-01     Release date:   04-May-01    
 Headers
 References

Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80371  (RS2_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S2
Seq:
Struc: 		256 a.a.
234 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80372  (RS3_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S3
Seq:
Struc: 		239 a.a.
206 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80373  (RS4_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S4
Seq:
Struc: 		209 a.a.
208 a.a.*
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHQ5  (RS5_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S5
Seq:
Struc: 		162 a.a.
150 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SLP8  (RS6_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S6
Seq:
Struc: 		101 a.a.
101 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P17291  (RS7_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S7
Seq:
Struc: 		156 a.a.
155 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHQ2  (RS8_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S8
Seq:
Struc: 		138 a.a.
138 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80374  (RS9_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S9
Seq:
Struc: 		128 a.a.
127 a.a.*
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHN7  (RS10_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S10
Seq:
Struc: 		105 a.a.
98 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80376  (RS11_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S11
Seq:
Struc: 		129 a.a.
119 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHN3  (RS12_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S12
Seq:
Struc: 		132 a.a.
124 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80377  (RS13_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S13
Seq:
Struc: 		126 a.a.
125 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHQ1  (RS14Z_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S14 type Z
Seq:
Struc: 		61 a.a.
60 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SJ76  (RS15_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S15
Seq:
Struc: 		89 a.a.
88 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SJH3  (RS16_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S16
Seq:
Struc: 		88 a.a.
83 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHP7  (RS17_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S17
Seq:
Struc: 		105 a.a.
104 a.a.*
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SLQ0  (RS18_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S18
Seq:
Struc: 		88 a.a.
73 a.a.*
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SHP2  (RS19_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S19
Seq:
Struc: 		93 a.a.
80 a.a.
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P80380  (RS20_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein S20
Seq:
Struc: 		106 a.a.
99 a.a.*
Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Q5SIH3  (RSHX_THET8) -  30S ribosomal protein Thx
Seq:
Struc: 		27 a.a.
24 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  PfamB domain  Secondary structure
* PDB and UniProt seqs differ at 6 residue positions (black crosses)

 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     intracellular   4 terms 
  Biological process     translation   1 term 
  Biochemical function     structural constituent of ribosome     6 terms  

 

 
    reference    
 
 
DOI no: 10.1126/science.1060089 Science 292:883-896 (2001)
PubMed id: 11283358  
 
 
Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution.
M.M.Yusupov, G.Z.Yusupova, A.Baucom, K.Lieberman, T.N.Earnest, J.H.Cate, H.F.Noller.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
We describe the crystal structure of the complete Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome containing bound messenger RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) at 5.5 angstrom resolution. All of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains, the A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs, and most of the ribosomal proteins can be fitted to the electron density map. The core of the interface between the 30S small subunit and the 50S large subunit, where the tRNA substrates are bound, is dominated by RNA, with proteins located mainly at the periphery, consistent with ribosomal function being based on rRNA. In each of the three tRNA binding sites, the ribosome contacts all of the major elements of tRNA, providing an explanation for the conservation of tRNA structure. The tRNAs are closely juxtaposed with the intersubunit bridges, in a way that suggests coupling of the 20 to 50 angstrom movements associated with tRNA translocation with intersubunit movement.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 1.
Fig. 1. Electron density of tRNA^Met[f] bound to the P site of the 70S ribosome, at 5.5 Å resolution. 		Figure 8.
Fig. 8. (A) Interaction of E-tRNA with the ribosome. (B) Secondary structures of 16S and 23S rRNA, showing molecular contacts with A-tRNA (gold), P-tRNA (orange), and E-tRNA (red).
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from the AAAs: Science (2001, 292, 883-896) copyright 2001.  
  Figures were selected by the author.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21256733 A.Petrov, G.Kornberg, S.O'Leary, A.Tsai, S.Uemura, and J.D.Puglisi (2011).
Dynamics of the translational machinery.
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21133351 B.Liu, J.M.Diamond, D.H.Mathews, and D.H.Turner (2011).
Fluorescence competition and optical melting measurements of RNA three-way multibranch loops provide a revised model for thermodynamic parameters.
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21265782 C.Bricio, L.Alvarez, M.J.Gómez, and J.Berenguer (2011).
Partial and complete denitrification in Thermus thermophilus: lessons from genome drafts.
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21082171 D.Caetano-Anollés, K.M.Kim, J.E.Mittenthal, and G.Caetano-Anollés (2011).
Proteome evolution and the metabolic origins of translation and cellular life.
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21399643 D.N.Ermolenko, and H.F.Noller (2011).
mRNA translocation occurs during the second step of ribosomal intersubunit rotation.
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21370971 D.V.Fedyukina, and S.Cavagnero (2011).
Protein folding at the exit tunnel.
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21419622 F.A.Rey, and W.I.Sundquist (2011).
Macromolecular assemblages.
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21245352 J.Zhu, A.Korostelev, D.A.Costantino, J.P.Donohue, H.F.Noller, and J.S.Kieft (2011).
Crystal structures of complexes containing domains from two viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNAs bound to the 70S ribosome.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, 1839-1844.
PDB codes: 3pyn 3pyo 3pyq 3pyr 3pys 3pyt 3pyu 3pyv
21281690 K.Kipper, S.Sild, C.Hetényi, J.Remme, and A.Liiv (2011).
Pseudouridylation of 23S rRNA helix 69 promotes peptide release by release factor RF2 but not by release factor RF1.
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21530341 N.M.Kumbhar, and K.D.Sonawane (2011).
Iso-energetic multiple conformations of hypermodified nucleic acid base wybutine (yW) which occur at 37(th) position in anticodon loop of tRNA(Phe).
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21036868 P.W.Rose, B.Beran, C.Bi, W.F.Bluhm, D.Dimitropoulos, D.S.Goodsell, A.Prlic, M.Quesada, G.B.Quinn, J.D.Westbrook, J.Young, B.Yukich, C.Zardecki, H.M.Berman, and P.E.Bourne (2011).
The RCSB Protein Data Bank: redesigned web site and web services.
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21138965 Q.Sun, A.Vila-Sanjurjo, and M.O'Connor (2011).
Mutations in the intersubunit bridge regions of 16S rRNA affect decoding and subunit-subunit interactions on the 70S ribosome.
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21400046 Q.Xie, J.Lin, Y.Qin, J.Zhou, and W.Bu (2011).
Structural diversity of eukaryotic 18S rRNA and its impact on alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction.
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21253643 Q.Zhao, C.Huang, and F.Li (2011).
Phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes for bioimaging.
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21219455 R.E.Schaub, and C.S.Hayes (2011).
Deletion of the RluD pseudouridine synthase promotes SsrA peptide tagging of ribosomal protein S7.
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20798174 S.Kapoor, G.Das, and U.Varshney (2011).
Crucial contribution of the multiple copies of the initiator tRNA genes in the fidelity of tRNA(fMet) selection on the ribosomal P-site in Escherichia coli.
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20034956 A.A.Malygin, and G.G.Karpova (2010).
Structural motifs of the bacterial ribosomal proteins S20, S18 and S16 that contact rRNA present in the eukaryotic ribosomal proteins S25, S26 and S27A, respectively.
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21109664 A.Ben-Shem, L.Jenner, G.Yusupova, and M.Yusupov (2010).
Crystal structure of the eukaryotic ribosome.
  Science, 330, 1203-1209.
PDB codes: 3o2z 3o30 3o58 3o5h
20375101 A.Chirkova, M.D.Erlacher, N.Clementi, M.Zywicki, M.Aigner, and N.Polacek (2010).
The role of the universally conserved A2450-C2063 base pair in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 4844-4855.  
20110260 A.E.Scheunemann, W.D.Graham, F.A.Vendeix, and P.F.Agris (2010).
Binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to helix 69 of 23S rRNA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 3094-3105.  
19691449 A.Fatehullah, C.Doherty, G.Pivato, G.Allen, L.Devine, J.Nelson, and D.J.Timson (2010).
Interactions of the 67 kDa laminin receptor and its precursor with laminin.
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21124459 A.H.Ratje, J.Loerke, A.Mikolajka, M.Brünner, P.W.Hildebrand, A.L.Starosta, A.Dönhöfer, S.R.Connell, P.Fucini, T.Mielke, P.C.Whitford, J.N.Onuchic, Y.Yu, K.Y.Sanbonmatsu, R.K.Hartmann, P.A.Penczek, D.N.Wilson, and C.M.Spahn (2010).
Head swivel on the ribosome facilitates translocation by means of intra-subunit tRNA hybrid sites.
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20660012 A.Meskauskas, and J.D.Dinman (2010).
A molecular clamp ensures allosteric coordination of peptidyltransfer and ligand binding to the ribosomal A-site.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 7800-7813.  
  19937661 A.Ohman, T.Oman, and M.Oliveberg (2010).
Solution structures and backbone dynamics of the ribosomal protein S6 and its permutant P(54-55).
  Protein Sci, 19, 183-189.
PDB codes: 2kjv 2kjw
20192783 C.E.Aitken, A.Petrov, and J.D.Puglisi (2010).
Single ribosome dynamics and the mechanism of translation.
  Annu Rev Biophys, 39, 491-513.  
20439768 C.Eichmann, S.Preissler, R.Riek, and E.Deuerling (2010).
Cotranslational structure acquisition of nascent polypeptides monitored by NMR spectroscopy.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 9111-9116.  
20652591 E.Byers, J.Rueger, and L.Bonen (2010).
Impact of genomic environment on mitochondrial rps7 mRNA features in grasses.
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20550657 E.Capriotti, and M.A.Marti-Renom (2010).
Quantifying the relationship between sequence and three-dimensional structure conservation in RNA.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 11, 322.  
20095651 E.Posokhova, V.Uversky, and K.A.Martemyanov (2010).
Proteomic identification of Hsc70 as a mediator of RGS9-2 degradation by in vivo interactome analysis.
  J Proteome Res, 9, 1510-1521.  
20334683 F.J.Sun, and G.Caetano-Anollés (2010).
The ancient history of the structure of ribonuclease P and the early origins of Archaea.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 11, 153.  
20552334 F.J.Sun, and G.Caetano-Anollés (2010).
The origin of modern 5S rRNA: a case of relating models of structural history to phylogenetic data.
  J Mol Evol, 71, 3-5.  
20377916 H.S.Bernhardt, and W.P.Tate (2010).
The transition from noncoded to coded protein synthesis: did coding mRNAs arise from stability-enhancing binding partners to tRNA?
  Biol Direct, 5, 16.  
20507916 I.Besseová, K.Réblová, N.B.Leontis, and J.Sponer (2010).
Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that RNA three-way junctions can act as flexible RNA structural elements in the ribosome.
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20963776 J.Berger, and M.Oberhuber (2010).
Chemistry on nucleic acid templates.
  Chem Biodivers, 7, 2581-2615.  
19897649 J.Crandall, M.Rodriguez-Lopez, M.Pfeiffer, B.Mortensen, and A.Buskirk (2010).
rRNA mutations that inhibit transfer-messenger RNA activity on stalled ribosomes.
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20235828 J.Frank, and R.L.Gonzalez (2010).
Structure and dynamics of a processive Brownian motor: the translating ribosome.
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  21072331 J.Frank (2010).
The Ribosome Comes Alive.
  Isr J Chem, 50, 95-98.  
20974910 J.P.Armache, A.Jarasch, A.M.Anger, E.Villa, T.Becker, S.Bhushan, F.Jossinet, M.Habeck, G.Dindar, S.Franckenberg, V.Marquez, T.Mielke, M.Thomm, O.Berninghausen, B.Beatrix, J.Söding, E.Westhof, D.N.Wilson, and R.Beckmann (2010).
Localization of eukaryote-specific ribosomal proteins in a 5.5-Å cryo-EM map of the 80S eukaryotic ribosome.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 19754-19759.
PDB codes: 3iz5 3iz6 3iz7 3iz9 3izr
20980660 J.P.Armache, A.Jarasch, A.M.Anger, E.Villa, T.Becker, S.Bhushan, F.Jossinet, M.Habeck, G.Dindar, S.Franckenberg, V.Marquez, T.Mielke, M.Thomm, O.Berninghausen, B.Beatrix, J.Söding, E.Westhof, D.N.Wilson, and R.Beckmann (2010).
Cryo-EM structure and rRNA model of a translating eukaryotic 80S ribosome at 5.5-A resolution.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 19748-19753.
PDB codes: 3izb 3izc 3izd 3ize 3izf 3izs
20584915 J.Sengupta, C.Bussiere, J.Pallesen, M.West, A.W.Johnson, and J.Frank (2010).
Characterization of the nuclear export adaptor protein Nmd3 in association with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
  J Cell Biol, 189, 1079-1086.  
19952067 K.Réblová, F.Rázga, W.Li, H.Gao, J.Frank, and J.Sponer (2010).
Dynamics of the base of ribosomal A-site finger revealed by molecular dynamics simulations and Cryo-EM.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 1325-1340.  
20400952 L.B.Jenner, N.Demeshkina, G.Yusupova, and M.Yusupov (2010).
Structural aspects of messenger RNA reading frame maintenance by the ribosome.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17, 555-560.
PDB codes: 3i8f 3i8g 3i8h 3i8i 3i9b 3i9c 3i9d 3i9e
20694005 L.Jenner, N.Demeshkina, G.Yusupova, and M.Yusupov (2010).
Structural rearrangements of the ribosome at the tRNA proofreading step.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17, 1072-1078.  
19946275 M.B.Feldman, D.S.Terry, R.B.Altman, and S.C.Blanchard (2010).
Aminoglycoside activity observed on single pre-translocation ribosome complexes.
  Nat Chem Biol, 6, 54-62.  
20705654 M.H.Rhodin, and J.D.Dinman (2010).
A flexible loop in yeast ribosomal protein L11 coordinates P-site tRNA binding.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 8377-8389.  
20135118 M.Hatamoto, A.Ohashi, and H.Imachi (2010).
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) antisense effect to bacterial growth and their application potentiality in biotechnology.
  Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 86, 397-402.  
19965869 M.R.Sharma, A.Dönhöfer, C.Barat, V.Marquez, P.P.Datta, P.Fucini, D.N.Wilson, and R.K.Agrawal (2010).
PSRP1 is not a ribosomal protein, but a ribosome-binding factor that is recycled by the ribosome-recycling factor (RRF) and elongation factor G (EF-G).
  J Biol Chem, 285, 4006-4014.  
20056148 M.Rusu, and S.Birmanns (2010).
Evolutionary tabu search strategies for the simultaneous registration of multiple atomic structures in cryo-EM reconstructions.
  J Struct Biol, 170, 164-171.  
19962317 M.V.Rodnina, and W.Wintermeyer (2010).
The ribosome goes Nobel.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 35, 1-5.  
20631791 N.Fischer, A.L.Konevega, W.Wintermeyer, M.V.Rodnina, and H.Stark (2010).
Ribosome dynamics and tRNA movement by time-resolved electron cryomicroscopy.
  Nature, 466, 329-333.  
20427512 P.C.Whitford, P.Geggier, R.B.Altman, S.C.Blanchard, J.N.Onuchic, and K.Y.Sanbonmatsu (2010).
Accommodation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome involves reversible excursions along multiple pathways.
  RNA, 16, 1196-1204.  
20358253 R.Sabate, N.S.de Groot, and S.Ventura (2010).
Protein folding and aggregation in bacteria.
  Cell Mol Life Sci, 67, 2695-2715.  
20419210 S.De, K.Mahata, and M.Schmittel (2010).
Metal-coordination-driven dynamic heteroleptic architectures.
  Chem Soc Rev, 39, 1555-1575.  
19965768 S.Kimura, and T.Suzuki (2010).
Fine-tuning of the ribosomal decoding center by conserved methyl-modifications in the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 1341-1352.  
20208546 S.L.He, and R.Green (2010).
Visualization of codon-dependent conformational rearrangements during translation termination.
  Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17, 465-470.  
19969550 T.Lumsden, A.A.Bentley, W.Beutler, A.Ghosh, O.Galkin, and A.A.Komar (2010).
Yeast strains with N-terminally truncated ribosomal protein S5: implications for the evolution, structure and function of the Rps5/Rps7 proteins.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, 1261-1272.  
21110883 W.Ma (2010).
The scenario on the origin of translation in the RNA world: in principle of replication parsimony.
  Biol Direct, 5, 65.  
21054500 W.S.Song, S.M.Ryou, H.M.Kim, C.O.Jeon, J.M.Kim, S.H.Han, S.W.Kim, J.P.Szatkiewicz, P.R.Cunningham, and K.Lee (2010).
Functional investigation of residue G791 of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA: implication of initiation factor 1 in the restoration of P-site function.
  FEMS Microbiol Lett, 313, 141-147.  
19854950 Y.Lustig, C.Wachtel, M.Safro, L.Liu, and S.Michaeli (2010).
'RNA walk' a novel approach to study RNA-RNA interactions between a small RNA and its target.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 38, e5.  
19820108 A.Baudin-Baillieu, C.Fabret, X.H.Liang, D.Piekna-Przybylska, M.J.Fournier, and J.P.Rousset (2009).
Nucleotide modifications in three functionally important regions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosome affect translation accuracy.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 7665-7677.  
19424134 A.Bhattacharya (2009).
Protein structures: Structures of desire.
  Nature, 459, 24-27.  
19095617 A.Devaraj, S.Shoji, E.D.Holbrook, and K.Fredrick (2009).
A role for the 30S subunit E site in maintenance of the translational reading frame.
  RNA, 15, 255-265.  
19822758 A.Korostelev, M.Laurberg, and H.F.Noller (2009).
Multistart simulated annealing refinement of the crystal structure of the 70S ribosome.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 18195-18200.  
20004164 A.Matsumoto, and H.Ishida (2009).
Global conformational changes of ribosome observed by normal mode fitting for 3D Cryo-EM structures.
  Structure, 17, 1605-1613.  
19416977 A.S.Spirin (2009).
The ribosome as a conveying thermal ratchet machine.
  J Biol Chem, 284, 21103-21119.  
19656820 A.Yonath (2009).
Large facilities and the evolving ribosome, the cellular machine for genetic-code translation.
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19553343 B.Llano-Sotelo, R.P.Hickerson, L.Lancaster, H.F.Noller, and A.S.Mankin (2009).
Fluorescently labeled ribosomes as a tool for analyzing antibiotic binding.
  RNA, 15, 1597-1604.  
19279186 C.Hsiao, and L.D.Williams (2009).
A recurrent magnesium-binding motif provides a framework for the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 3134-3142.  
19445952 C.Laing, and T.Schlick (2009).
Analysis of four-way junctions in RNA structures.
  J Mol Biol, 390, 547-559.  
19746388 C.Switzer (2009).
A missing prebiotic link: discovery of a plausible synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides.
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20004159 C.W.Carter (2009).
E pluribus tres: the 2009 nobel prize in chemistry.
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19036786 D.Benelli, S.Marzi, C.Mancone, T.Alonzi, A.la Teana, and P.Londei (2009).
Function and ribosomal localization of aIF6, a translational regulator shared by archaea and eukarya.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 37, 256-267.  
19861425 D.Hasenöhrl, A.Fabbretti, P.Londei, C.O.Gualerzi, and U.Bläsi (2009).
Translation initiation complex formation in the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus.
  RNA, 15, 2288-2298.  
19952110 D.M.Landry, M.I.Hertz, and S.R.Thompson (2009).
RPS25 is essential for translation initiation by the Dicistroviridae and hepatitis C viral IRESs.
  Genes Dev, 23, 2753-2764.  
19929179 D.N.Wilson (2009).
The A-Z of bacterial translation inhibitors.
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18621088 D.P.Giedroc, and P.V.Cornish (2009).
Frameshifting RNA pseudoknots: structure and mechanism.
  Virus Res, 139, 193-208.
PDB codes: 2rp0 2rp1
19118261 D.Pan, H.Qin, and B.S.Cooperman (2009).
Synthesis and functional activity of tRNAs labeled with fluorescent hydrazides in the D-loop.
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