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Blood coagulation PDB id
1ggt
Jmol
Contents
Protein chains
710 a.a. *
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1ggt
Name: Blood coagulation
Title: Three-dimensional structure of a transglutaminase: human blood coagulation factor xiii
Structure: Coagulation factor xiii. Chain: a, b. Engineered: yes
Source: Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Organ: blood
Biol. unit: Dimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
2.65Å     R-factor:   0.216    
Authors: V.C.Yee,L.C.Pedersen,I.L.Trong,P.D.Bishop,R.E.Stenkamp, D.C.Teller
Key ref: V.C.Yee et al. (1994). Three-dimensional structure of a transglutaminase: human blood coagulation factor XIII. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 7296-7300. PubMed id: 7913750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7296
Date:
25-Jan-94     Release date:   31-Jul-95    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chains
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P00488  (F13A_HUMAN) -  Coagulation factor XIII A chain
Seq:
Struc: 		 
Seq:
Struc: 		732 a.a.
710 a.a.*
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain
* PDB and UniProt seqs differ at 1 residue position (black cross)

 Enzyme reactions 
   Enzyme class: E.C.2.3.2.13  - Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase.
[IntEnz]   [ExPASy]   [KEGG]   [BRENDA]
      Reaction: Protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3
Protein glutamine
 + alkylamine
 = protein N(5)-alkylglutamine
 + NH(3)
      Cofactor: Calcium
Molecule diagrams generated from .mol files obtained from the KEGG ftp site
 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     extracellular region   3 terms 
  Biological process     wound healing   5 terms 
  Biochemical function     transferase activity     4 terms  

 

 
    reference    
 
 
DOI no: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7296 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:7296-7300 (1994)
PubMed id: 7913750  
 
 
Three-dimensional structure of a transglutaminase: human blood coagulation factor XIII.
V.C.Yee, L.C.Pedersen, I.Le Trong, P.D.Bishop, R.E.Stenkamp, D.C.Teller.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
Mechanical stability in many biological materials is provided by the crosslinking of large structural proteins with gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysyl amide bonds. The three-dimensional structure of human recombinant factor XIII (EC 2.3.2.13 zymogen; protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase a chain), a transglutaminase zymogen, has been solved at 2.8-A resolution by x-ray crystallography. This structure shows that each chain of the homodimeric protein is folded into four sequential domains. A catalytic triad reminiscent of that observed in cysteine proteases has been identified in the core domain. The amino-terminal activation peptide of each subunit crosses the dimer interface and partially occludes the opening of the catalytic cavity in the second subunit, preventing substrate binding to the zymogen. A proposal for the mechanism of activation by thrombin and calcium is made that details the structural events leading to active factor XIIIa'.
 

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
20880254 I.Komáromi, Z.Bagoly, and L.Muszbek (2011).
Factor XIII: novel structural and functional aspects.
  J Thromb Haemost, 9, 9.  
21445339 Q.Li, X.Li, C.Li, L.Chen, J.Song, Y.Tang, and X.Xu (2011).
A network-based multi-target computational estimation scheme for anticoagulant activities of compounds.
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20375315 E.Ortner, V.Schroeder, R.Walser, O.Zerbe, and H.P.Kohler (2010).
Sensitive and selective detection of free FXIII activation peptide: a potential marker of acute thrombotic events.
  Blood, 115, 5089-5096.  
20195702 H.Kumeta, N.Miwa, K.Ogura, Y.Kai, T.Mizukoshi, N.Shimba, E.Suzuki, and F.Inagaki (2010).
The NMR structure of protein-glutaminase from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum.
  J Biomol NMR, 46, 251-255.
PDB code: 2ksv
20812289 L.Tei, G.Mazooz, Y.Shellef, R.Avni, K.Vandoorne, A.Barge, V.Kalchenko, M.W.Dewhirst, L.Chaabane, L.Miragoli, D.Longo, M.Neeman, and S.Aime (2010).
Novel MRI and fluorescent probes responsive to the Factor XIII transglutaminase activity.
  Contrast Media Mol Imaging, 5, 213-222.  
20167857 M.Akiyama, K.Sakai, T.Yanagi, S.Fukushima, H.Ihn, K.Hitomi, and H.Shimizu (2010).
Transglutaminase1 preferred substrate peptide K5 is an efficient tool in diagnosis of lamellar ichthyosis.
  Am J Pathol, 176, 1592-1599.  
19937244 N.Louhichi, M.Medhaffar, I.Hadjsalem, E.Mkaouar-Rebai, N.Fendri-Kriaa, H.Kanoun, F.Yaïch, T.Souissi, M.Elloumi, and F.Fakhfakh (2010).
Congenital factor XIII deficiency caused by two mutations in eight Tunisian families: molecular confirmation of a founder effect.
  Ann Hematol, 89, 499-504.  
19940117 S.Maerz, Y.Funakoshi, Y.Negishi, T.Suzuki, and S.Seiler (2010).
The Neurospora peptide:N-glycanase ortholog PNG1 is essential for cell polarity despite its lack of enzymatic activity.
  J Biol Chem, 285, 2326-2332.  
  20179087 V.Ivaskevicius, A.Biswas, C.Bevans, V.Schroeder, H.P.Kohler, H.Rott, S.Halimeh, P.E.Petrides, H.Lenk, M.Krause, B.Miterski, U.Harbrecht, and J.Oldenburg (2010).
Identification of eight novel coagulation factor XIII subunit A mutations: implied consequences for structure and function.
  Haematologica, 95, 956-962.  
19805099 C.Ottmann, R.Rose, F.Huttenlocher, A.Cedzich, P.Hauske, M.Kaiser, R.Huber, and A.Schaller (2009).
Structural basis for Ca2+-independence and activation by homodimerization of tomato subtilase 3.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 17223-17228.
PDB codes: 3i6s 3i74
19804366 M.D.Andersen, M.Kjalke, S.Bang, I.Lautrup-Larsen, P.Becker, A.S.Andersen, O.H.Olsen, and H.R.Stennicke (2009).
Coagulation factor XIII variants with altered thrombin activation rates.
  Biol Chem, 390, 1279-1283.  
19438481 R.Anwar, and S.Langlois (2009).
The Arg703Trp missense mutation in F13A1 is a de novo event.
  Br J Haematol, 146, 118-120.  
19850674 U.Tagami, N.Shimba, M.Nakamura, K.Yokoyama, E.Suzuki, and T.Hirokawa (2009).
Substrate specificity of microbial transglutaminase as revealed by three-dimensional docking simulation and mutagenesis.
  Protein Eng Des Sel, 22, 747-752.  
17965157 A.B.Hervás, I.Canosa, and E.Santero (2008).
Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas putida in response to nitrogen availability.
  J Bacteriol, 190, 416-420.  
18275437 C.H.Trinh, W.Sh Elsayed, P.Eshghi, E.Miri-Moghaddam, A.Zadeh-Vakili, A.F.Markham, and R.Anwar (2008).
Molecular analysis of sixteen unrelated factor XIIIA deficient families from south-east of Iran.
  Br J Haematol, 140, 581-584.  
18092889 D.M.Pinkas, P.Strop, A.T.Brunger, and C.Khosla (2007).
Transglutaminase 2 undergoes a large conformational change upon activation.
  PLoS Biol, 5, e327.
PDB code: 2q3z
17653193 P.D.Fortin, C.T.Walsh, and N.A.Magarvey (2007).
A transglutaminase homologue as a condensation catalyst in antibiotic assembly lines.
  Nature, 448, 824-827.  
17479223 P.K.Carvajal-Vallejos, A.Campos, P.Fuentes-Prior, E.Villalobos, A.M.Almeida, E.Barberà, J.M.Torné, and M.Santos (2007).
Purification and in vitro refolding of maize chloroplast transglutaminase over-expressed in Escherichia coli.
  Biotechnol Lett, 29, 1255-1262.  
17880458 V.Ivaskevicius, J.Windyga, B.Baran, V.Schroeder, J.Junen, K.Bykowska, E.Seifried, H.P.Kohler, and J.Oldenburg (2007).
Phenotype-genotype correlation in eight Polish patients with inherited Factor XIII deficiency: identification of three novel mutations.
  Haemophilia, 13, 649-657.  
16479194 A.Vysokovsky, N.Rosenberg, R.Dardik, U.Seligsohn, and A.Inbal (2006).
Effect of four missense mutations in the factor XIII A-subunit gene on protein stability: studies with recombinant proteins.
  Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 17, 125-130.  
17179049 G.E.Begg, L.Carrington, P.H.Stokes, J.M.Matthews, M.A.Wouters, A.Husain, L.Lorand, S.E.Iismaa, and R.M.Graham (2006).
Mechanism of allosteric regulation of transglutaminase 2 by GTP.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 19683-19688.  
16988554 M.Kusch, C.Grundmann, S.Keitel, R.Seitz, and H.König (2006).
A novel assay for factor XIII based on cross-linking of synthetic peptides: analysis of different substrates.
  Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 17, 575-580.  
17073438 S.Datta, M.A.Antonyak, and R.A.Cerione (2006).
Importance of Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation activity in the protection afforded by tissue transglutaminase against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis.
  Biochemistry, 45, 13163-13174.  
16409483 S.Wu, Z.Wang, N.Dong, X.Bai, and C.Ruan (2006).
A novel compound heterozygous mutation in the F13A gene causing hereditary factor XIII deficiency in a Chinese family.
  J Thromb Haemost, 4, 267-269.  
15670145 C.Esposito, and I.Caputo (2005).
Mammalian transglutaminases. Identification of substrates as a key to physiological function and physiopathological relevance.
  FEBS J, 272, 615-631.  
15964983 J.H.Lee, J.M.Choi, C.Lee, K.J.Yi, and Y.Cho (2005).
Structure of a peptide:N-glycanase-Rad23 complex: insight into the deglycosylation for denatured glycoproteins.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 9144-9149.
PDB codes: 1x3w 1x3z
16241947 N.Komanasin, A.J.Catto, T.S.Futers, A.van Hylckama Vlieg, F.R.Rosendaal, and R.A.Ariëns (2005).
A novel polymorphism in the factor XIII B-subunit (His95Arg): relationship to subunit dissociation and venous thrombosis.
  J Thromb Haemost, 3, 2487-2496.  
16155204 S.Singh, C.C.Cornilescu, R.C.Tyler, G.Cornilescu, M.Tonelli, M.S.Lee, and J.L.Markley (2005).
Solution structure of a late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA14) from Arabidopsis thaliana, a cellular stress-related protein.
  Protein Sci, 14, 2601-2609.
PDB code: 1xo8
16128900 W.Onland, A.N.Böing, A.B.Meijer, M.C.Schaap, R.Nieuwland, K.Haasnoot, A.Sturk, and M.Peters (2005).
Congenital deficiency of factor XIII caused by two missense mutations in a Dutch family.
  Haemophilia, 11, 539-547.  
15456491 A.Vysokovsky, R.Saxena, M.Landau, A.Zivelin, R.Eskaraev, N.Rosenberg, U.Seligsohn, and A.Inbal (2004).
Seven novel mutations in the factor XIII A-subunit gene causing hereditary factor XIII deficiency in 10 unrelated families.
  J Thromb Haemost, 2, 1790-1797.  
15149602 E.J.Woo, Y.G.Kim, M.S.Kim, W.D.Han, S.Shin, H.Robinson, S.Y.Park, and B.H.Oh (2004).
Structural mechanism for inactivation and activation of CAD/DFF40 in the apoptotic pathway.
  Mol Cell, 14, 531-539.
PDB code: 1v0d
15288868 K.Ginalski, L.Kinch, L.Rychlewski, and N.V.Grishin (2004).
BTLCP proteins: a novel family of bacterial transglutaminase-like cysteine proteinases.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 29, 392-395.  
15010546 R.A.Chica, P.Gagnon, J.W.Keillor, and J.N.Pelletier (2004).
Tissue transglutaminase acylation: Proposed role of conserved active site Tyr and Trp residues revealed by molecular modeling of peptide substrate binding.
  Protein Sci, 13, 979-991.  
15112292 T.Takazawa, N.Kamiya, H.Ueda, and T.Nagamune (2004).
Enzymatic labeling of a single chain variable fragment of an antibody with alkaline phosphatase by microbial transglutaminase.
  Biotechnol Bioeng, 86, 399-404.  
12535215 A.Kon, H.Takeda, H.Sasaki, K.Yoneda, K.Nomura, B.Ahvazi, P.M.Steinert, K.Hanada, and I.Hashimoto (2003).
Novel transglutaminase 1 gene mutations (R348X/Y365D) in a Japanese family with lamellar ichthyosis.
  J Invest Dermatol, 120, 170-172.  
14604285 B.Duan, X.Wang, H.Chu, Y.Hu, X.Huang, B.Qu, H.Wang, and Z.Wang (2003).
Deficiency of factor XIII gene in Chinese: 3 novel mutations.
  Int J Hematol, 78, 251-255.  
12606569 C.Hirsch, D.Blom, and H.L.Ploegh (2003).
A role for N-glycanase in the cytosolic turnover of glycoproteins.
  EMBO J, 22, 1036-1046.  
12801297 E.Birben, C.Oner, R.Oner, C.Altay, and A.Gürgey (2003).
Identification of an inframe deletion and a missense mutation in the factor XIIIA gene in two Turkish patients.
  Eur J Haematol, 71, 39-43.  
12563291 L.Lorand, and R.M.Graham (2003).
Transglutaminases: crosslinking enzymes with pleiotropic functions.
  Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 4, 140-156.  
12534611 M.Akiyama, Y.Takizawa, Y.Suzuki, and H.Shimizu (2003).
A novel homozygous mutation 371delA in TGM1 leads to a classic lamellar ichthyosis phenotype.
  Br J Dermatol, 148, 149-153.  
12542526 M.Raghunath, H.C.Hennies, B.Ahvazi, M.Vogel, A.Reis, P.M.Steinert, and H.Traupe (2003).
Self-healing collodion baby: a dynamic phenotype explained by a particular transglutaminase-1 mutation.
  J Invest Dermatol, 120, 224-228.  
12621151 P.M.Quigley, K.Korotkov, F.Baneyx, and W.G.Hol (2003).
The 1.6-A crystal structure of the class of chaperones represented by Escherichia coli Hsp31 reveals a putative catalytic triad.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 3137-3142.
PDB code: 1n57
14566064 S.E.Iismaa, S.Holman, M.A.Wouters, L.Lorand, R.M.Graham, and A.Husain (2003).
Evolutionary specialization of a tryptophan indole group for transition-state stabilization by eukaryotic transglutaminases.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 12636-12641.  
11980702 B.Ahvazi, H.C.Kim, S.H.Kee, Z.Nemes, and P.M.Steinert (2002).
Three-dimensional structure of the human transglutaminase 3 enzyme: binding of calcium ions changes structure for activation.
  EMBO J, 21, 2055-2067.
PDB codes: 1l9m 1l9n
12392549 D.Sblattero, F.Florian, E.Azzoni, T.Zyla, M.Park, V.Baldas, T.Not, A.Ventura, A.Bradbury, and R.Marzari (2002).
The analysis of the fine specificity of celiac disease antibodies using tissue transglutaminase fragments.
  Eur J Biochem, 269, 5175-5181.  
12162574 H.Okudo, M.Kito, T.Moriyama, T.Ogawa, and R.Urade (2002).
Transglutaminase activity of human ER-60.
  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 66, 1423-1426.  
12368090 L.Fesus, and M.Piacentini (2002).
Transglutaminase 2: an enigmatic enzyme with diverse functions.
  Trends Biochem Sci, 27, 534-539.  
11867708 S.Liu, R.A.Cerione, and J.Clardy (2002).
Structural basis for the guanine nucleotide-binding activity of tissue transglutaminase and its regulation of transamidation activity.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 2743-2747.
PDB code: 1kv3
11867764 S.N.Murthy, S.Iismaa, G.Begg, D.M.Freymann, R.M.Graham, and L.Lorand (2002).
Conserved tryptophan in the core domain of transglutaminase is essential for catalytic activity.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 2738-2742.  
11329258 E.Ballestar, M.Boix-Chornet, and L.Franco (2001).
Conformational changes in the nucleosome followed by the selective accessibility of histone glutamines in the transglutaminase reaction: effects of ionic strength.
  Biochemistry, 40, 1922-1929.  
11251583 M.Akiyama, Y.Takizawa, T.Kokaji, and H.Shimizu (2001).
Novel mutations of TGM1 in a child with congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma.
  Br J Dermatol, 144, 401-407.  
11407995 M.Akiyama, Y.Takizawa, Y.Suzuki, A.Ishiko, I.Matsuo, and H.Shimizu (2001).
Compound heterozygous TGM1 mutations including a novel missense mutation L204Q in a mild form of lamellar ichthyosis.
  J Invest Dermatol, 116, 992-995.  
11168522 R.Anwar, L.Gallivan, C.Trinh, F.Hill, and A.Markham (2001).
Identification of a new Leu354Pro mutation responsible for factor XIII deficiency.
  Eur J Haematol, 66, 133-136.  
10886517 B.A.Jessen, M.A.Phillips, A.Hovnanian, and R.H.Rice (2000).
Role of Sp1 response element in transcription of the human transglutaminase 1 gene.
  J Invest Dermatol, 115, 113-117.  
  10826705 D.Aeschlimann, and V.Thomazy (2000).
Protein crosslinking in assembly and remodelling of extracellular matrices: the role of transglutaminases.
  Connect Tissue Res, 41, 1.  
10748319 M.Lesort, J.Tucholski, M.L.Miller, and G.V.Johnson (2000).
Tissue transglutaminase: a possible role in neurodegenerative diseases.
  Prog Neurobiol, 61, 439-463.  
10684262 S.S.Akimov, D.Krylov, L.F.Fleischman, and A.M.Belkin (2000).
Tissue transglutaminase is an integrin-binding adhesion coreceptor for fibronectin.
  J Cell Biol, 148, 825-838.  
10561600 C.M.Bergamini, M.Dean, G.Matteucci, S.Hanau, F.Tanfani, C.Ferrari, M.Boggian, and A.Scatturin (1999).
Conformational stability of human erythrocyte transglutaminase. Patterns of thermal unfolding at acid and alkaline pH.
  Eur J Biochem, 266, 575-582.  
  10481269 J.S.Chen, and K.Mehta (1999).
Tissue transglutaminase: an enzyme with a split personality.
  Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 31, 817-836.  
  10452618 K.S.Makarova, L.Aravind, and E.V.Koonin (1999).
A superfamily of archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic proteins homologous to animal transglutaminases.
  Protein Sci, 8, 1714-1719.  
10531483 M.S.Weiss, and R.Hilgenfeld (1999).
Dehydration leads to a phase transition in monoclinic factor XIII crystals.
  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 55, 1858-1862.  
10479736 M.S.Weiss, and R.Hilgenfeld (1999).
A method to detect nonproline cis peptide bonds in proteins.
  Biopolymers, 50, 536-544.  
10411627 R.Casadio, E.Polverini, P.Mariani, F.Spinozzi, F.Carsughi, A.Fontana, P.Polverino de Laureto, G.Matteucci, and C.M.Bergamini (1999).
The structural basis for the regulation of tissue transglutaminase by calcium ions.
  Eur J Biochem, 262, 672-679.
PDB code: 1fau
9545389 H.C.Hennies, W.Küster, V.Wiebe, A.Krebsová, and A.Reis (1998).
Genotype/phenotype correlation in autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis.
  Am J Hum Genet, 62, 1052-1061.  
9692205 K.Yokoyama, Y.Kikuchi, and H.Yasueda (1998).
Overproduction of DnaJ in Escherichia coli improves in vivo solubility of the recombinant fish-derived transglutaminase.
  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 62, 1205-1210.  
  9634697 L.Jenner, L.Husted, S.Thirup, L.Sottrup-Jensen, and J.Nyborg (1998).
Crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of alpha 2-macroglobulin.
  Structure, 6, 595-604.
PDB code: 1ayo
  9326318 E.Laiho, J.Ignatius, H.Mikkola, V.C.Yee, D.C.Teller, K.M.Niemi, U.Saarialho-Kere, J.Kere, and A.Palotie (1997).
Transglutaminase 1 mutations in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis: private and recurrent mutations in an isolated population.
  Am J Hum Genet, 61, 529-538.  
  9144031 J.W.van Wersch, M.E.Vooijs, and J.M.Ubachs (1997).
Coagulation factor XIII in pregnant smokers and non-smokers.
  Int J Clin Lab Res, 27, 68-71.  
9033388 K.B.Lewis, D.C.Teller, J.Fry, G.W.Lasser, and P.D.Bishop (1997).
Crosslinking kinetics of the human transglutaminase, factor XIII[A2], acting on fibrin gels and gamma-chain peptides.
  Biochemistry, 36, 995.  
9305955 S.E.Iismaa, L.Chung, M.J.Wu, D.C.Teller, V.C.Yee, and R.M.Graham (1997).
The core domain of the tissue transglutaminase Gh hydrolyzes GTP and ATP.
  Biochemistry, 36, 11655-11664.  
  9016719 V.C.Yee, K.P.Pratt, H.C.Côté, I.L.Trong, D.W.Chung, E.W.Davie, R.E.Stenkamp, and D.C.Teller (1997).
Crystal structure of a 30 kDa C-terminal fragment from the gamma chain of human fibrinogen.
  Structure, 5, 125-138.
PDB codes: 1fib 1fic 1fid
8548458 J.J.Tesmer, T.J.Klem, M.L.Deras, V.J.Davisson, and J.L.Smith (1996).
The crystal structure of GMP synthetase reveals a novel catalytic triad and is a structural paradigm for two enzyme families.
  Nat Struct Biol, 3, 74-86.
PDB code: 1gpm
8892731 S.Aslam, D.J.Bowen, T.Mandalaki, R.Gialeraki, and G.R.Standen (1996).
Factor XIII(A) subunit deficiency due to a homozygous 13-base pair deletion in exon 3 of the A subunit gene.
  Am J Hematol, 53, 77-80.  
7556189 H.Yasueda, K.Nakanishi, Y.Kumazawa, K.Nagase, M.Motoki, and H.Matsui (1995).
Tissue-type transglutaminase from red sea bream (Pagrus major). Sequence analysis of the cDNA and functional expression in Escherichia coli.
  Eur J Biochem, 232, 411-419.  
7773290 L.J.Russell, J.J.DiGiovanna, G.R.Rogers, P.M.Steinert, N.Hashem, J.G.Compton, and S.J.Bale (1995).
Mutations in the gene for transglutaminase 1 in autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis.
  Nat Genet, 9, 279-283.  
8555083 R.Anwar, A.D.Stewart, K.J.Miloszewski, M.S.Losowsky, and A.F.Markham (1995).
Molecular basis of inherited factor XIII deficiency: identification of multiple mutations provides insights into protein function.
  Br J Haematol, 91, 728-735.  
8547093 S.Aslam, M.C.Poon, V.C.Yee, D.J.Bowen, and G.R.Standen (1995).
Factor XIIIA Calgary: a candidate missense mutation (Leu667Pro) in the beta barrel 2 domain of the factor XIIIA subunit.
  Br J Haematol, 91, 452-457.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB code is shown on the right.