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Blood coagulation PDB-id
1fza
Asymmetric unit
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Contents
Description
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Protein chains
85 a.a. *
313 a.a. *
309 a.a. *
Ligands
NAG ×2
Metal ions
_CA ×2

* Residue conservation analysis
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  Biological unit*, trimer
(*as deduced by PQS)
PDB id: 1fza
Name: Blood coagulation
Title: Crystal structure of fibrinogen fragment d

Structure:
Fibrinogen. Chain: a, d. Fragment: fragment d. Fibrinogen. Chain: b, e. Fragment: fragment d. Fibrinogen. Chain: c, f. Fragment: fragment d

Source:
Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Organ: blood. Tissue: blood. Tissue: blood

Biological unit:
Trimer (from PQS)

UniProt:
Chains A, D: P02671 (FIBA_HUMAN)
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Seq:
Struc:
Seq:
Struc:
Seq:
Struc:
Seq: 866 a.a.
Struc: 85 a.a.

Chains B, E: P02675 (FIBB_HUMAN)
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Seq:
Struc:
Seq: 491 a.a.
Struc: 313 a.a.

Chains C, F: P02679 (FIBG_HUMAN)
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
Seq:
Struc:
Seq: 453 a.a.
Struc: 309 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  PfamB domain
 Secondary structure  CATH domain

Resolution:
2.90Å

R-factor:
0.263

R-free:
0.363

Authors:
G.Spraggon,S.J.Everse,R.F.Doolittle

Key ref:
G.Spraggon et al. (1997). Crystal structures of fragment D from human fibrinogen and its crosslinked counterpart from fibrin.. Nature, 389, 455-462. [PubMed id: 9333233] [DOI: 10.1038/38947]

Date:
05-Aug-97

Release date:
03-Dec-97
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    Key reference    
 
 
DOI no: 10.1038/38947 Nature 389:455-462 (1997)
PubMed id: 9333233  
 
 
Crystal structures of fragment D from human fibrinogen and its crosslinked counterpart from fibrin.
G.Spraggon, S.J.Everse, R.F.Doolittle.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
In blood coagulation, units of the protein fibrinogen pack together to form a fibrin clot, but a crystal structure for fibrinogen is needed to understand how this is achieved. The structure of a core fragment (fragment D) from human fibrinogen has now been determined to 2.9 A resolution. The 86K three-chained structure consists of a coiled-coil region and two homologous globular entitles oriented at approximately 130 degrees to each other. Additionally, the covalently bound dimer of fragment D, known as 'double-D', was isolated from human fibrin, crystallized in the presence of a Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-amide peptide ligand, which simulates the donor polymerization site, and its structure solved by molecular replacement with the model of fragment D.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 4.
Figure 4 a, Topology of -chain (green) and -chain (red) C-terminal domains. The first residue in each segment of secondary structure is numbered. b, Stereo depiction of superposed C backbone structures from globular portions of -chains (green) and -chains (red); the numbers on the strands and letters on the helices correspond to the secondary structure designations in Fig. 4. c, GRASP representation of binding cavities of -chains (left) and -chains (right) showing charge distribution; red, negatively charged; blue, positively charged^47. Domains have been reorientated to show equivalent projections.
Figure 5.
Figure 5 a, Topology of -chain (green) and -chain (red) C-terminal domains. The first residue in each segment of secondary structure is numbered. b, Stereo depiction of superposed C backbone structures from globular portions of -chains (green) and -chains (red); the numbers on the strands and letters on the helices correspond to the secondary structure designations in Fig. 4. c, GRASP representation of binding cavities of -chains (left) and -chains (right) showing charge distribution; red, negatively charged; blue, positively charged^47. Domains have been reorientated to show equivalent projections.
 
  The above figures are reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature (1997, 389, 455-462) copyright 1997.  
  Figures were selected by an automated process.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
19630789 J.K.Ryu, D.Davalos, and K.Akassoglou (2009).
Fibrinogen signal transduction in the nervous system.
  J Thromb Haemost, 7, 151-154.  
19036059 L.Medved, and J.W.Weisel (2009).
Recommendations for nomenclature on fibrinogen and fibrin.
  J Thromb Haemost, 7, 355-359.  
19075185 S.R.Bowley, and S.T.Lord (2009).
Fibrinogen variant BbetaD432A has normal polymerization but does not bind knob "B".
  Blood, 113, 4425-4430.
PDB code: 3e1i
18323455 C.McNamara, A.S.Zinkernagel, P.Macheboeuf, M.W.Cunningham, V.Nizet, and P.Ghosh (2008).
Coiled-coil irregularities and instabilities in group A Streptococcus M1 are required for virulence.
  Science, 319, 1405-1408.
PDB code: 2oto
18583356 M.Nakayama-Hamada, A.Suzuki, H.Furukawa, R.Yamada, and K.Yamamoto (2008).
Citrullinated fibrinogen inhibits thrombin-catalysed fibrin polymerization.
  J Biochem, 144, 393-398.  
18549327 P.de Moerloose, and M.Neerman-Arbez (2008).
Treatment of congenital fibrinogen disorders.
  Expert Opin Biol Ther, 8, 979-992.  
18779330 S.Lancellotti, S.Rutella, V.De Filippis, N.Pozzi, B.Rocca, and R.De Cristofaro (2008).
Fibrinogen-elongated {gamma} Chain Inhibits Thrombin-induced Platelet Response, Hindering the Interaction with Different Receptors.
  J Biol Chem, 283, 30193-30204.  
18710925 T.A.Springer, J.Zhu, and T.Xiao (2008).
Structural basis for distinctive recognition of fibrinogen gammaC peptide by the platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3.
  J Cell Biol, 182, 791-800.
PDB codes: 2vc2 2vdk 2vdl 2vdm 2vdn 2vdo 2vdp 2vdq 2vdr
17090548 A.A.Amelot, M.Tagzirt, G.Ducouret, R.L.Kuen, and B.F.Le Bonniec (2007).
Platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) seals blood clots by altering the structure of fibrin.
  J Biol Chem, 282, 710-720.  
17892530 C.B.Geer, A.Tripathy, M.H.Schoenfisch, S.T.Lord, and O.V.Gorkun (2007).
Role of 'B-b' knob-hole interactions in fibrin binding to adsorbed fibrinogen.
  J Thromb Haemost, 5, 2344-2351.  
17635718 D.Vu, and M.Neerman-Arbez (2007).
Molecular mechanisms accounting for fibrinogen deficiency: from large deletions to intracellular retention of misfolded proteins.
  J Thromb Haemost, 5, 125-131.  
17681017 E.V.Lugovskoy, P.G.Gritsenko, L.G.Kapustianenko, I.N.Kolesnikova, V.I.Chernishov, and S.V.Komisarenko (2007).
Functional role of Bbeta-chain N-terminal fragment in the fibrin polymerization process.
  FEBS J, 274, 4540-4549.  
17922803 J.W.Weisel (2007).
Which knobs fit into which holes in fibrin polymerization?
  J Thromb Haemost, 5, 2340-2343.  
17952642 M.Guthold, W.Liu, E.A.Sparks, L.M.Jawerth, L.Peng, M.Falvo, R.Superfine, R.R.Hantgan, and S.T.Lord (2007).
A comparison of the mechanical and structural properties of fibrin fibers with other protein fibers.
  Cell Biochem Biophys, 49, 165-181.  
17295221 M.Neerman-Arbez, and P.de Moerloose (2007).
Mutations in the fibrinogen gene cluster accounting for congenital afibrinogenemia: an update and report of 10 novel mutations.
  Hum Mutat, 28, 540-553.  
17922804 N.Okumura, F.Terasawa, A.Haneishi, N.Fujihara, M.Hirota-Kawadobora, K.Yamauchi, H.Ota, and S.T.Lord (2007).
B:b interactions are essential for polymerization of variant fibrinogens with impaired holes 'a'.
  J Thromb Haemost, 5, 2352-2359.  
16940416 R.I.Litvinov, O.V.Gorkun, D.K.Galanakis, S.Yakovlev, L.Medved, H.Shuman, and J.W.Weisel (2007).
Polymerization of fibrin: Direct observation and quantification of individual B:b knob-hole interactions.
  Blood, 109, 130-138.  
17331136 R.Kotlín, M.Chytilová, J.Suttnar, P.Salaj, T.Riedel, J.Santrůcek, P.Klener, and J.E.Dyr (2007).
A novel fibrinogen variant--Praha I: hypofibrinogenemia associated with gamma Gly351Ser substitution.
  Eur J Haematol, 78, 410-416.  
16373473 J.H.Brown (2006).
Breaking symmetry in protein dimers: designs and functions.
  Protein Sci, 15, 1.  
16689770 L.Betts, B.K.Merenbloom, and S.T.Lord (2006).
The structure of fibrinogen fragment D with the 'A' knob peptide GPRVVE.
  J Thromb Haemost, 4, 1139-1141.
PDB code: 2ffd
16819336 L.Rubbia-Brandt, M.Neerman-Arbez, A.L.Rougemont, P.J.Malé, and L.Spahr (2006).
Fibrinogen gamma375 arg-->trp mutation (fibrinogen aguadilla) causes hereditary hypofibrinogenemia, hepatic endoplasmic reticulum storage disease and cirrhosis.
  Am J Surg Pathol, 30, 906-911.  
16607083 M.Meyer, F.Bergmann, and S.O.Brennan (2006).
Novel fibrinogen mutation (gamma 313 Ser-->Asn) associated with hypofibrinogenemia in two unrelated families.
  Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 17, 63-67.  
16999847 R.Asselta, S.Duga, and M.L.Tenchini (2006).
The molecular basis of quantitative fibrinogen disorders.
  J Thromb Haemost, 4, 2115-2129.  
16575257 R.C.Marchi, Z.Carvajal, C.Boyer-Neumann, E.Anglés-Cano, and J.W.Weisel (2006).
Functional characterization of fibrinogen Bicêtre II: a gamma 308 Asn-->Lys mutation located near the fibrin D:D interaction sites.
  Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 17, 193-201.  
17046817 T.A.Dugan, V.W.Yang, D.J.McQuillan, and M.Höök (2006).
Decorin modulates fibrin assembly and structure.
  J Biol Chem, 281, 38208-38216.  
15748264 G.Castaman, R.Ghiotto, S.Duga, and F.Rodeghiero (2005).
A novel fibrinogen gamma chain mutation (gamma 239 Gln-->His) is the cause of dysfibrinogenemia Vicenza.
  J Thromb Haemost, 3, 600-601.  
16102057 M.W.Mosesson (2005).
Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions.
  J Thromb Haemost, 3, 1894-1904.  
15998829 R.I.Litvinov, O.V.Gorkun, S.F.Owen, H.Shuman, and J.W.Weisel (2005).
Polymerization of fibrin: specificity, strength, and stability of knob-hole interactions studied at the single-molecule level.
  Blood, 106, 2944-2951.  
15842357 S.Duga, P.Braidotti, R.Asselta, M.Maggioni, E.Santagostino, C.Pellegrini, G.Coggi, M.Malcovati, and M.L.Tenchini (2005).
Liver histology of an afibrinogenemic patient with the Bbeta-L353R mutation showing no evidence of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum storage disease (ERSD); comparative study in COS-1 cells of the intracellular processing of the Bbeta-L353R fibrinogen vs. the ERSD-associated gamma-G284R mutant.
  J Thromb Haemost, 3, 724-732.  
15307898 A.Conti, Y.Sanchez-Ruiz, A.Bachi, L.Beretta, E.Grandi, M.Beltramo, and M.Alessio (2004).
Proteome study of human cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury indicates fibrin(ogen) degradation products as trauma-associated markers.
  J Neurotrauma, 21, 854-863.  
15613026 A.Dear, C.E.Dempfle, S.O.Brennan, W.Kirschstein, and P.M.George (2004).
Fibrinogen Mannheim II: a novel gamma307 His-->Tyr substitution in the gammaD domain causes hypofibrinogenemia.
  J Thromb Haemost, 2, 2194-2199.  
15184503 G.Pradel, K.Hayton, L.Aravind, L.M.Iyer, M.S.Abrahamsen, A.Bonawitz, C.Mejia, and T.J.Templeton (2004).
A multidomain adhesion protein family expressed in Plasmodium falciparum is essential for transmission to the mosquito.
  J Exp Med, 199, 1533-1544.  
14996011 H.A.Guglielmone, M.C.Sanchez, D.Abate Daga, and J.L.Bocco (2004).
A new heterozygous mutation in gamma fibrinogen gene leading to 326 Cys-->Ser substitution in fibrinogen Córdoba is associated with defective polymerization and familial hypodysfibrinogenemia.
  J Thromb Haemost, 2, 352-354.  
14978285 I.Pechik, J.Madrazo, M.W.Mosesson, I.Hernandez, G.L.Gilliland, and L.Medved (2004).
Crystal structure of the complex between thrombin and the central "E" region of fibrin.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 2718-2723.
PDB code: 1qvh
15009453 J.W.Weisel (2004).
Cross-linked gamma-chains in fibrin fibrils bridge transversely between strands: no.
  J Thromb Haemost, 2, 394-399.  
15009452 M.W.Mosesson (2004).
Cross-linked gamma-chains in fibrin fibrils bridge 'transversely' between strands: yes.
  J Thromb Haemost, 2, 388-393.  
15099268 R.F.Doolittle (2004).
Determining the crystal structure of fibrinogen.
  J Thromb Haemost, 2, 683-689.  
15304494 V.K.Lishko, N.P.Podolnikova, V.P.Yakubenko, S.Yakovlev, L.Medved, S.P.Yadav, and T.P.Ugarova (2004).
Multiple binding sites in fibrinogen for integrin alphaMbeta2 (Mac-1).
  J Biol Chem, 279, 44897-44906.  
14567695 A.Profumo, M.Turci, G.Damonte, F.Ferri, D.Magatti, B.Cardinali, C.Cuniberti, and M.Rocco (2003).
Kinetics of fibrinopeptide release by thrombin as a function of CaCl2 concentration: different susceptibility of FPA and FPB and evidence for a fibrinogen isoform-specific effect at physiological Ca2+ concentration.
  Biochemistry, 42, 12335-12348.  
12871501 M.Hirota-Kawadobora, F.Terasawa, O.Yonekawa, N.Sahara, E.Shimizu, N.Okumura, T.Katsuyama, and H.Shigematsu (2003).
Fibrinogens Kosai and Ogasa: Bbeta15Gly-->Cys (GGT-->TGT) substitution associated with impairment of fibrinopeptide B release and lateral aggregation.
  J Thromb Haemost, 1, 275-283.  
12871494 M.W.Mosesson (2003).
Fibrinogen gamma chain functions.
  J Thromb Haemost, 1, 231-238.  
12799374 N.P.Podolnikova, V.P.Yakubenko, G.L.Volkov, E.F.Plow, and T.P.Ugarova (2003).
Identification of a novel binding site for platelet integrins alpha IIb beta 3 (GPIIbIIIa) and alpha 5 beta 1 in the gamma C-domain of fibrinogen.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 32251-32258.  
12871291 R.F.Doolittle (2003).
X-ray crystallographic studies on fibrinogen and fibrin.
  J Thromb Haemost, 1, 1559-1565.  
12582160 T.A.Dugan, V.W.Yang, D.J.McQuillan, and M.Höök (2003).
Decorin binds fibrinogen in a Zn2+-dependent interaction.
  J Biol Chem, 278, 13655-13662.  
12485987 C.C.Deivanayagam, E.R.Wann, W.Chen, M.Carson, K.R.Rajashankar, M.Höök, and S.V.Narayana (2002).
A novel variant of the immunoglobulin fold in surface adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus: crystal structure of the fibrinogen-binding MSCRAMM, clumping factor A.
  EMBO J, 21, 6660-6672.
PDB code: 1n67
12009908 G.Tsurupa, L.Tsonev, and L.Medved (2002).
Structural organization of the fibrin(ogen) alpha C-domain.
  Biochemistry, 41, 6449-6459.  
11891217 J.R.Shainoff, G.B.Smejkal, P.M.DiBello, S.S.Sung, L.A.Bush, and E.Di Cera (2002).
Allosteric effects potentiating the release of the second fibrinopeptide A from fibrinogen by thrombin.
  J Biol Chem, 277, 19367-19373.  
11928820 K.Akassoglou, and S.Strickland (2002).
Nervous system pathology: the fibrin perspective.
  Biol Chem, 383, 37-45.  
12162736 Z.Yang, G.Spraggon, L.Pandi, S.J.Everse, M.Riley, and R.F.Doolittle (2002).
Crystal structure of fragment D from lamprey fibrinogen complexed with the peptide Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide.
  Biochemistry, 41, 10218-10224.
PDB code: 1lwu
11593005 J.Madrazo, J.H.Brown, S.Litvinovich, R.Dominguez, S.Yakovlev, L.Medved, and C.Cohen (2001).
Crystal structure of the central region of bovine fibrinogen (E5 fragment) at 1.4-A resolution.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 11967-11972.
PDB codes: 1jy2 1jy3
10618375 J.H.Brown, N.Volkmann, G.Jun, A.H.Henschen-Edman, and C.Cohen (2000).
The crystal structure of modified bovine fibrinogen.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 85-90.
PDB code: 1deq
11087365 K.R.Siebenlist, D.A.Meh, and M.W.Mosesson (2000).
Position of gamma-chain carboxy-terminal regions in fibrinogen/fibrin cross-linking mixtures.
  Biochemistry, 39, 14171-14175.  
10911375 M.L.Linenberger, J.Kindelan, R.L.Bennett, A.P.Reiner, and H.C.Côté (2000).
Fibrinogen bellingham: a gamma-chain R275C substitution and a beta-promoter polymorphism in a thrombotic member of an asymptomatic family.
  Am J Hematol, 64, 242-250.  
10828988 M.Moaddel, D.H.Farrell, M.A.Daugherty, and M.G.Fried (2000).
Interactions of human fibrinogens with factor XIII: roles of calcium and the gamma' peptide.
  Biochemistry, 39, 6698-6705.  
10727239 N.V.Efremova, B.Bondurant, D.F.O'Brien, and D.E.Leckband (2000).
Measurements of interbilayer forces and protein adsorption on uncharged lipid bilayers displaying poly(ethylene glycol) chains.
  Biochemistry, 39, 3441-3451.  
10866981 S.Bernocco, F.Ferri, A.Profumo, C.Cuniberti, and M.Rocco (2000).
Polymerization of rod-like macromolecular monomers studied by stopped-flow, multiangle light scattering: set-up, data processing, and application to fibrin formation.
  Biophys J, 79, 561-583.  
10618368 S.N.Murthy, J.H.Wilson, T.J.Lukas, Y.Veklich, J.W.Weisel, and L.Lorand (2000).
Transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking of the Aalpha and gamma constituent chains in fibrinogen.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 44-48.  
11123898 S.Yakovlev, E.Makogonenko, N.Kurochkina, W.Nieuwenhuizen, K.Ingham, and L.Medved (2000).
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin: mechanism of exposure of tPA- and plasminogen-binding sites.
  Biochemistry, 39, 15730-15741.  
11123897 S.Yakovlev, S.Litvinovich, D.Loukinov, and L.Medved (2000).
Role of the beta-strand insert in the central domain of the fibrinogen gamma-module.
  Biochemistry, 39, 15721-15729.  
10737772 Z.Yang, I.Mochalkin, L.Veerapandian, M.Riley, and R.F.Doolittle (2000).
Crystal structure of native chicken fibrinogen at 5.5-A resolution.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 3907-3912.
PDB code: 1ei3
11121023 Z.Yang, I.Mochalkin, and R.F.Doolittle (2000).
A model of fibrin formation based on crystal structures of fibrinogen and fibrin fragments complexed with synthetic peptides.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 14156-14161.  
10089355 G.Spraggon (1999).
Envelope skeletonization as a means to determine monomer masks and non-crystallographic symmetry relationships: application in the solution of the structure of fibrinogen fragment D.
  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 55, 458-463.  
10359776 J.Hemmerlé, S.M.Altmann, M.Maaloum, J.K.Hörber, L.Heinrich, J.C.Voegel, and P.Schaaf (1999).
Direct observation of the anchoring process during the adsorption of fibrinogen on a solid surface by force-spectroscopy mode atomic force microscopy.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 6705-6710.  
10428872 K.E.Brummel, S.Butenas, and K.G.Mann (1999).
An integrated study of fibrinogen during blood coagulation.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 22862-22870.  
10231539 K.Yokoyama, X.P.Zhang, L.Medved, and Y.Takada (1999).
Specific binding of integrin alpha v beta 3 to the fibrinogen gamma and alpha E chain C-terminal domains.
  Biochemistry, 38, 5872-5877.  
10468566 S.Gokudan, T.Muta, R.Tsuda, K.Koori, T.Kawahara, N.Seki, Y.Mizunoe, S.N.Wai, S.Iwanaga, and S.Kawabata (1999).
Horseshoe crab acetyl group-recognizing lectins involved in innate immunity are structurally related to fibrinogen.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 10086-10091.  
10074346 S.J.Everse, G.Spraggon, L.Veerapandian, and R.F.Doolittle (1999).
Conformational changes in fragments D and double-D from human fibrin(ogen) upon binding the peptide ligand Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide.
  Biochemistry, 38, 2941-2946.
PDB codes: 1fze 1fzf 1fzg
  10631982 S.Ware, J.P.Donahue, J.Hawiger, and W.F.Anderson (1999).
Structure of the fibrinogen gamma-chain integrin binding and factor XIIIa cross-linking sites obtained through carrier protein driven crystallization.
  Protein Sci, 8, 2663-2671.
PDB code: 1dug
9867861 T.S.Panetti, B.J.Kudryk, and D.F.Mosher (1999).
Interaction of recombinant procollagen and properdin modules of thrombospondin-1 with heparin and fibrinogen/fibrin.
  J Biol Chem, 274, 430-437.  
  9755198 E.C.Lee, S.Y.Yu, X.Hu, M.Mlodzik, and N.E.Baker (1998).
Functional analysis of the fibrinogen-related scabrous gene from Drosophila melanogaster identifies potential effector and stimulatory protein domains.
  Genetics, 150, 663-673.  
9746538 E.Di Stasio, C.Nagaswami, J.W.Weisel, and E.Di Cera (1998).
Cl- regulates the structure of the fibrin clot.
  Biophys J, 75, 1973-1979.  
9689040 G.Spraggon, D.Applegate, S.J.Everse, J.Z.Zhang, L.Veerapandian, C.Redman, R.F.Doolittle, and G.Grieninger (1998).
Crystal structure of a recombinant alphaEC domain from human fibrinogen-420.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 9099-9104.
PDB code: 1fzd
9435227 L.Lorand, K.N.Parameswaran, and S.N.Murthy (1998).
A double-headed Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro ligand mimics the functions of the E domain of fibrin for promoting the end-to-end crosslinking of gamma chains by factor XIIIa.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 537-541.  
9724734 M.W.Mosesson, K.R.Siebenlist, D.A.Meh, J.S.Wall, and J.F.Hainfeld (1998).
The location of the carboxy-terminal region of gamma chains in fibrinogen and fibrin D domains.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 10511-10516.  
9799505 O.V.Gorkun, A.H.Henschen-Edman, L.F.Ping, and S.T.Lord (1998).
Analysis of A alpha 251 fibrinogen: the alpha C domain has a role in polymerization, albeit more subtle than anticipated from the analogous proteolytic fragment X.
  Biochemistry, 37, 15434-15441.  
9628725 S.J.Everse, G.Spraggon, L.Veerapandian, M.Riley, and R.F.Doolittle (1998).
Crystal structure of fragment double-D from human fibrin with two different bound ligands.
  Biochemistry, 37, 8637-8642.
PDB code: 1fzc
9712878 T.P.Ugarova, D.A.Solovjov, L.Zhang, D.I.Loukinov, V.C.Yee, L.V.Medved, and E.F.Plow (1998).
Identification of a novel recognition sequence for integrin alphaM beta2 within the gamma-chain of fibrinogen.
  J Biol Chem, 273, 22519-22527.  
9465033 Y.Veklich, E.K.Ang, L.Lorand, and J.W.Weisel (1998).
The complementary aggregation sites of fibrin investigated through examination of polymers of fibrinogen with fragment E.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 1438-1442.  
The most recent references are shown first. Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly from an automated harvesting procedure. Note that this is likely to be only a partial list as not all journals are covered by either method. However, we are continually building up the citation data so more and more references will be included with time. Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB code is shown on the right.