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Transcription/DNA PDB id
1bl0
Jmol
Contents
Protein chain
116 a.a. *
DNA/RNA
Waters ×144
* Residue conservation analysis
PDB id:
1bl0
Name: Transcription/DNA
Title: Multiple antibiotic resistance protein (mara)/DNA complex
Structure: DNA (5'- d( Gp Gp Gp Gp Ap Tp Tp Tp Ap Gp Cp Ap Ap Ap Ap Cp Gp Tp Gp Gp Cp Ap Tp C)-3'). Chain: b. Engineered: yes. DNA (5'- d( Cp Cp Gp Ap Tp Gp Cp Cp Ap Cp Gp Tp Tp Tp Tp Gp Cp Tp Ap Ap Ap Tp Cp C)-3'). Chain: c.
Source: Synthetic: yes. Escherichia coli. Organism_taxid: 562. Strain: bl21(lamdade3). Gene: mara. Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562.
Biol. unit: Trimer (from PQS)
Resolution:
2.30Å     R-factor:   0.225     R-free:   0.303
Authors: S.Davies,R.G.Rhee,J.L.Martin,D.R.Rosner
Key ref:
S.Rhee et al. (1998). A novel DNA-binding motif in MarA: the first structure for an AraC family transcriptional activator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 10413-10418. PubMed id: 9724717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10413
Date:
22-Jul-98     Release date:   02-Sep-98    
PROCHECK
Go to PROCHECK summary
 Headers
 References

Protein chain
Pfam   ArchSchema ?
P0ACH5  (MARA_ECOLI) -  Multiple antibiotic resistance protein marA
Seq:
Struc:
127 a.a.
116 a.a.
Key:    PfamA domain  Secondary structure  CATH domain

 Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation 
  GO annot!
  Cellular component     intracellular   1 term 
  Biological process     response to antibiotic   4 terms 
  Biochemical function     DNA binding     3 terms  

 

 
DOI no: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10413 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:10413-10418 (1998)
PubMed id: 9724717  
 
 
A novel DNA-binding motif in MarA: the first structure for an AraC family transcriptional activator.
S.Rhee, R.G.Martin, J.L.Rosner, D.R.Davies.
 
  ABSTRACT  
 
A crystal structure for a member of the AraC prokaryotic transcriptional activator family, MarA, in complex with its cognate DNA-binding site is described. MarA consists of two similar subdomains, each containing a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif. The two recognition helices of the motifs are inserted into adjacent major groove segments on the same face of the DNA but are separated by only 27 A thereby bending the DNA by approximately 35 degrees. Extensive interactions between the recognition helices and the DNA major groove provide the sequence specificity.
 
  Selected figure(s)  
 
Figure 3.
Fig. 3. A stereo diagram of the relative orientations of the four helices and the hydrophobic core in the C subdomain. The view, from the top of Fig. 2A, shows the antiparallel orientations of helix-4 and -5 and the perpendicular location of helix-6 relative to the preceding helices. The putative hydrophobic residues from one face of each helix are indicated with their side chains. This figure was prepared by using the RIBBONS program (34).
Figure 5.
Fig. 5. Stereo close-up view of the interface between DNA and MarA. The interactions are for the N subdomain (A) and the C subdomain (C) of MarA. This orientation is similar to that in Fig. 2B. Hydrogen bonds in Fig. 4 are represented with black dashed lines between the interacting atoms (red for oxygen, blue for nitrogen, yellow for phosphorous, and silver for carbon) and the C32 and T8 bases are colored green. Water molecules at the interface of the C subdomain correspond to balls in magenta. Molecular surfaces of the N subdomain (B) and the C subdomain (D) of MarA are shown docked into the major groove of DNA. Arg-46 and Arg-96 protrude from the recognition helices and penetrate into the major groove. Figures A and C were prepared by using RIBBONS (34), and B and D were prepared by using GRASP (35).
 
  Figures were selected by the author.  

Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference

  PubMed id Reference
21390267 C.N.Deshpande, S.J.Harrop, Y.Boucher, K.A.Hassan, R.Di Leo, X.Xu, H.Cui, A.Savchenko, C.Chang, M.Labbate, I.T.Paulsen, H.W.Stokes, P.M.Curmi, and B.C.Mabbutt (2011).
Crystal structure of an integron gene cassette-associated protein from Vibrio cholerae identifies a cationic drug-binding module.
  PLoS One, 6, e16934.
PDB code: 3gk6
21215638 J.Yang, M.Tauschek, and R.M.Robins-Browne (2011).
Control of bacterial virulence by AraC-like regulators that respond to chemical signals.
  Trends Microbiol, 19, 128-135.  
19841071 I.M.Lister, J.Mecsas, and S.B.Levy (2010).
Effect of MarA-like proteins on antibiotic resistance and virulence in Yersinia pestis.
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20453091 L.M.McMurry, and S.B.Levy (2010).
Evidence that regulatory protein MarA of Escherichia coli represses rob by steric hindrance.
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20133655 M.J.Lowden, K.Skorupski, M.Pellegrini, M.G.Chiorazzo, R.K.Taylor, and F.J.Kull (2010).
Structure of Vibrio cholerae ToxT reveals a mechanism for fatty acid regulation of virulence genes.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 2860-2865.
PDB code: 3gbg
20363935 P.Domínguez-Cuevas, J.L.Ramos, and S.Marqués (2010).
Sequential XylS-CTD binding to the Pm promoter induces DNA bending prior to activation.
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20334529 R.Rohs, X.Jin, S.M.West, R.Joshi, B.Honig, and R.S.Mann (2010).
Origins of specificity in protein-DNA recognition.
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19376850 E.D.Brutinel, C.A.Vakulskas, and T.L.Yahr (2009).
Functional domains of ExsA, the transcriptional activator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system.
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19289129 K.L.Griffith, M.M.Fitzpatrick, E.F.Keen, and R.E.Wolf (2009).
Two functions of the C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli Rob: mediating "sequestration-dispersal" as a novel off-on switch for regulating Rob's activity as a transcription activator and preventing degradation of Rob by Lon protease.
  J Mol Biol, 388, 415-430.  
19422057 M.E.Rodgers, and R.Schleif (2009).
Solution structure of the DNA binding domain of AraC protein.
  Proteins, 77, 202-208.
PDB code: 2k9s
19708663 O.K.Kim, L.K.Garrity-Ryan, V.J.Bartlett, M.C.Grier, A.K.Verma, G.Medjanis, J.E.Donatelli, A.B.Macone, S.K.Tanaka, S.B.Levy, and M.N.Alekshun (2009).
N-hydroxybenzimidazole inhibitors of the transcription factor LcrF in Yersinia: novel antivirulence agents.
  J Med Chem, 52, 5626-5634.  
18096021 A.I.Casanueva, L.Paul, S.Patrick, and V.R.Abratt (2008).
An AraC/XylS family transcriptional regulator homologue from Bacteroides fragilis is associated with cell survival following DNA damage.
  FEMS Microbiol Lett, 278, 249-256.  
18366439 A.Kolin, V.Balasubramaniam, J.M.Skredenske, J.R.Wickstrum, and S.M.Egan (2008).
Differences in the mechanism of the allosteric l-rhamnose responses of the AraC/XylS family transcription activators RhaS and RhaR.
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18223083 G.N.Basturea, M.D.Bodero, M.E.Moreno, and G.P.Munson (2008).
Residues near the amino terminus of Rns are essential for positive autoregulation and DNA binding.
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17712603 J.A.Ibarra, E.Pérez-Rueda, L.Segovia, and J.L.Puente (2008).
The DNA-binding domain as a functional indicator: the case of the AraC/XylS family of transcription factors.
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18355273 M.D.Roldán, E.Pérez-Reinado, F.Castillo, and C.Moreno-Vivián (2008).
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18039712 M.E.Rodgers, and R.Schleif (2008).
DNA tape measurements of AraC.
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18662309 M.de Been, M.J.Bart, T.Abee, R.J.Siezen, and C.Francke (2008).
The identification of response regulator-specific binding sites reveals new roles of two-component systems in Bacillus cereus and closely related low-GC Gram-positives.
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18296514 P.Domínguez-Cuevas, P.Marín, S.Busby, J.L.Ramos, and S.Marqués (2008).
Roles of effectors in XylS-dependent transcription activation: intramolecular domain derepression and DNA binding.
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17071764 A.Kolin, V.Jevtic, L.Swint-Kruse, and S.M.Egan (2007).
Linker regions of the RhaS and RhaR proteins.
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17214883 F.Spyrakis, P.Cozzini, C.Bertoli, A.Marabotti, G.E.Kellogg, and A.Mozzarelli (2007).
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17513476 J.R.Wickstrum, J.M.Skredenske, A.Kolin, D.J.Jin, J.Fang, and S.M.Egan (2007).
Transcription activation by the DNA-binding domain of the AraC family protein RhaS in the absence of its effector-binding domain.
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16980449 A.Tramonti, M.De Canio, I.Delany, V.Scarlato, and D.De Biase (2006).
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16740923 M.Y.Galperin (2006).
Structural classification of bacterial response regulators: diversity of output domains and domain combinations.
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16940090 R.A.Udani, and S.B.Levy (2006).
MarA-like regulator of multidrug resistance in Yersinia pestis.
  Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 2971-2975.  
16359854 T.C.Galvão, and V.de Lorenzo (2006).
Transcriptional regulators à la carte: engineering new effector specificities in bacterial regulatory proteins.
  Curr Opin Biotechnol, 17, 34-42.  
16209950 C.He, J.C.Hus, L.J.Sun, P.Zhou, D.P.Norman, V.Dötsch, H.Wei, J.D.Gross, W.S.Lane, G.Wagner, and G.L.Verdine (2005).
A methylation-dependent electrostatic switch controls DNA repair and transcriptional activation by E. coli ada.
  Mol Cell, 20, 117-129.
PDB codes: 1u8b 1zgw
15869381 D.Davies, and D.Davies (2005).
A quiet life with proteins.
  Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, 34, 1.  
15853890 J.H.Withey, and V.J.DiRita (2005).
Activation of both acfA and acfD transcription by Vibrio cholerae ToxT requires binding to two centrally located DNA sites in an inverted repeat conformation.
  Mol Microbiol, 56, 1062-1077.  
15853893 K.L.Griffith, S.M.Becker, and R.E.Wolf (2005).
Characterization of TetD as a transcriptional activator of a subset of genes of the Escherichia coli SoxS/MarA/Rob regulon.
  Mol Microbiol, 56, 1103-1117.  
15808743 L.Aravind, V.Anantharaman, S.Balaji, M.M.Babu, and L.M.Iyer (2005).
The many faces of the helix-turn-helix domain: transcription regulation and beyond.
  FEMS Microbiol Rev, 29, 231-262.  
16262796 M.G.Prouty, C.R.Osorio, and K.E.Klose (2005).
Characterization of functional domains of the Vibrio cholerae virulence regulator ToxT.
  Mol Microbiol, 58, 1143-1156.  
16045622 M.Nakata, A.Podbielski, and B.Kreikemeyer (2005).
MsmR, a specific positive regulator of the Streptococcus pyogenes FCT pathogenicity region and cytolysin-mediated translocation system genes.
  Mol Microbiol, 57, 786-803.  
15995201 T.F.Ducey, M.B.Carson, J.Orvis, A.P.Stintzi, and D.W.Dyer (2005).
Identification of the iron-responsive genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by microarray analysis in defined medium.
  J Bacteriol, 187, 4865-4874.  
15784968 Y.Ohnishi, H.Yamazaki, J.Y.Kato, A.Tomono, and S.Horinouchi (2005).
AdpA, a central transcriptional regulator in the A-factor regulatory cascade that leads to morphological development and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces griseus.
  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 69, 431-439.  
15458404 B.Dangi, A.M.Gronenborn, J.L.Rosner, and R.G.Martin (2004).
Versatility of the carboxy-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase in transcriptional activation: use of the DNA contact site as a protein contact site for MarA.
  Mol Microbiol, 54, 45-59.
PDB codes: 1ti9 1xs9
14982625 D.C.Grainger, C.L.Webster, T.A.Belyaeva, E.I.Hyde, and S.J.Busby (2004).
Transcription activation at the Escherichia coli melAB promoter: interactions of MelR with its DNA target site and with domain 4 of the RNA polymerase sigma subunit.
  Mol Microbiol, 51, 1297-1309.  
15340925 D.M.Standley, H.Toh, and H.Nakamura (2004).
Detecting local structural similarity in proteins by maximizing number of equivalent residues.
  Proteins, 57, 381-391.  
15353566 D.Tropel, and J.R.van der Meer (2004).
Bacterial transcriptional regulators for degradation pathways of aromatic compounds.
  Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 68, 474-500.  
15228534 H.Yamazaki, A.Tomono, Y.Ohnishi, and S.Horinouchi (2004).
DNA-binding specificity of AdpA, a transcriptional activator in the A-factor regulatory cascade in Streptomyces griseus.
  Mol Microbiol, 53, 555-572.  
15522084 I.Borovok, B.Gorovitz, M.Yanku, R.Schreiber, B.Gust, K.Chater, Y.Aharonowitz, and G.Cohen (2004).
Alternative oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent ribonucleotide reductases in Streptomyces: cross-regulation and physiological role in response to oxygen limitation.
  Mol Microbiol, 54, 1022-1035.  
15066032 J.Plumbridge, and O.Pellegrini (2004).
Expression of the chitobiose operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by three transcription factors: NagC, ChbR and CAP.
  Mol Microbiol, 52, 437-449.  
15342598 J.R.Wickstrum, and S.M.Egan (2004).
Amino acid contacts between sigma 70 domain 4 and the transcription activators RhaS and RhaR.
  J Bacteriol, 186, 6277-6285.  
15009903 K.L.Griffith, I.M.Shah, and R.E.Wolf (2004).
Proteolytic degradation of Escherichia coli transcription activators SoxS and MarA as the mechanism for reversing the induction of the superoxide (SoxRS) and multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulons.
  Mol Microbiol, 51, 1801-1816.  
15522091 M.E.Porter, P.Mitchell, A.J.Roe, A.Free, D.G.Smith, and D.L.Gally (2004).
Direct and indirect transcriptional activation of virulence genes by an AraC-like protein, PerA from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
  Mol Microbiol, 54, 1117-1133.  
15225313 R.G.Martin, and J.L.Rosner (2004).
Transcriptional and translational regulation of the marRAB multiple antibiotic resistance operon in Escherichia coli.
  Mol Microbiol, 53, 183-191.  
14742546 T.van der Straaten, L.Zulianello, A.van Diepen, D.L.Granger, R.Janssen, and J.T.van Dissel (2004).
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium RamA, intracellular oxidative stress response, and bacterial virulence.
  Infect Immun, 72, 996.  
12704244 C.Raynaud, P.Sarçabal, I.Meynial-Salles, C.Croux, and P.Soucaille (2003).
Molecular characterization of the 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) operon of Clostridium butyricum.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 5010-5015.  
12675795 D.C.Grainger, T.A.Belyaeva, D.J.Lee, E.I.Hyde, and S.J.Busby (2003).
Binding of the Escherichia coli MelR protein to the melAB promoter: orientation of MelR subunits and investigation of MelR-DNA contacts.
  Mol Microbiol, 48, 335-348.  
12791142 E.Y.Rosenberg, D.Bertenthal, M.L.Nilles, K.P.Bertrand, and H.Nikaido (2003).
Bile salts and fatty acids induce the expression of Escherichia coli AcrAB multidrug efflux pump through their interaction with Rob regulatory protein.
  Mol Microbiol, 48, 1609-1619.  
12700263 J.A.Ibarra, M.I.Villalba, and J.L.Puente (2003).
Identification of the DNA binding sites of PerA, the transcriptional activator of the bfp and per operons in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
  J Bacteriol, 185, 2835-2847.  
12825085 K.T.Forest, and M.S.Filutowicz (2003).
Remodeling of replication initiator proteins.
  Nat Struct Biol, 10, 496-498.
PDB code: 1hkq
12689348 M.Berrera, H.Molinari, and F.Fogolari (2003).
Amino acid empirical contact energy definitions for fold recognition in the space of contact maps.
  BMC Bioinformatics, 4, 8.  
12582243 M.Madan Babu, and S.A.Teichmann (2003).
Evolution of transcription factors and the gene regulatory network in Escherichia coli.
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12834539 N.Delihas (2003).
Annotation and evolutionary relationships of a small regulatory RNA gene micF and its target ompF in Yersinia species.
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12730162 R.Ruíz, S.Marqués, and J.L.Ramos (2003).
Leucines 193 and 194 at the N-terminal domain of the XylS protein, the positive transcriptional regulator of the TOL meta-cleavage pathway, are involved in dimerization.
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12596232 R.Schleif (2003).
AraC protein: a love-hate relationship.
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12753182 S.L.Dove, S.A.Darst, and A.Hochschild (2003).
Region 4 of sigma as a target for transcription regulation.
  Mol Microbiol, 48, 863-874.  
11741843 E.S.Paterson, S.E.Boucher, and I.B.Lambert (2002).
Regulation of the nfsA Gene in Escherichia coli by SoxS.
  J Bacteriol, 184, 51-58.  
11839496 J.L.Huffman, and R.G.Brennan (2002).
Prokaryotic transcription regulators: more than just the helix-turn-helix motif.
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11844771 J.L.Rosner, B.Dangi, A.M.Gronenborn, and R.G.Martin (2002).
Posttranscriptional activation of the transcriptional activator Rob by dipyridyl in Escherichia coli.
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12039733 J.M.Myers, and C.R.Myers (2002).
Genetic complementation of an outer membrane cytochrome omcB mutant of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 requires omcB plus downstream DNA.
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11952907 K.S.McIver, and R.L.Myles (2002).
Two DNA-binding domains of Mga are required for virulence gene activation in the group A streptococcus.
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11796342 M.A.Yassien, H.E.Ewis, C.D.Lu, and A.T.Abdelal (2002).
Molecular cloning and characterization of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B rma Gene, which confers multiple drug resistance in Escherichia coli.
  Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 360-366.  
11751832 M.E.Porter, and C.J.Dorman (2002).
In vivo DNA-binding and oligomerization properties of the Shigella flexneri AraC-like transcriptional regulator VirF as identified by random and site-specific mutagenesis.
  J Bacteriol, 184, 531-539.  
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The evolution of DNA regulatory regions for proteo-gamma bacteria by interspecies comparisons.
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11897595 R.Chollet, C.Bollet, J.Chevalier, M.Malléa, J.M.Pagès, and A.Davin-Regli (2002).
mar Operon involved in multidrug resistance of Enterobacter aerogenes.
  Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1093-1097.  
12067348 R.G.Martin, and J.L.Rosner (2002).
Genomics of the marA/soxS/rob regulon of Escherichia coli: identification of directly activated promoters by application of molecular genetics and informatics to microarray data.
  Mol Microbiol, 44, 1611-1624.  
11985714 R.G.Martin, W.K.Gillette, N.I.Martin, and J.L.Rosner (2002).
Complex formation between activator and RNA polymerase as the basis for transcriptional activation by MarA and SoxS in Escherichia coli.
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12270810 R.R.Hulbert, and R.K.Taylor (2002).
Mechanism of ToxT-dependent transcriptional activation at the Vibrio cholerae tcpA promoter.
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Regulation of gene expression in Vibrio cholerae by ToxT involves both antirepression and RNA polymerase stimulation.
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12456787 S.Grkovic, M.H.Brown, and R.A.Skurray (2002).
Regulation of bacterial drug export systems.
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12270809 S.M.Egan (2002).
Growing repertoire of AraC/XylS activators.
  J Bacteriol, 184, 5529-5532.  
12100559 T.M.Barbosa, and S.B.Levy (2002).
Activation of the Escherichia coli nfnB gene by MarA through a highly divergent marbox in a class II promoter.
  Mol Microbiol, 45, 191-202.  
12060687 V.J.Howard, T.A.Belyaeva, S.J.Busby, and E.I.Hyde (2002).
DNA binding of the transcription activator protein MelR from Escherichia coli and its C-terminal domain.
  Nucleic Acids Res, 30, 2692-2700.  
11470373 A.M.Fuentes, J.J.Díaz-Mejía, R.Maldonado-Rodríguez, and C.F.Amábile-Cuevas (2001).
Differential activities of the SoxR protein of Escherichia coli: SoxS is not required for gene activation under iron deprivation.
  FEMS Microbiol Lett, 201, 271-275.  
11741530 C.W.Garvie, and C.Wolberger (2001).
Recognition of specific DNA sequences.
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