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Calcium/phospholipid binding protein
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PDB id
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1a4p
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* Residue conservation analysis
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PDB id:
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| Name: |
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Calcium/phospholipid binding protein
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Title:
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P11 (s100a10), ligand of annexin ii
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Structure:
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S100a10. Chain: a, b. Synonym: p11, calpactin light chain. Engineered: yes
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Source:
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Homo sapiens. Human. Organism_taxid: 9606. Expressed in: escherichia coli bl21. Expression_system_taxid: 511693.
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Biol. unit:
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Dimer (from PDB file)
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Resolution:
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2.25Å
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R-factor:
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0.246
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R-free:
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0.303
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Authors:
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S.Rety,J.Sopkova,M.Renouard,D.Osterloh,V.Gerke,F.Russo-Marie Bentley
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Key ref:
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S.Réty
et al.
(1999).
The crystal structure of a complex of p11 with the annexin II N-terminal peptide.
Nat Struct Biol,
6,
89-95.
PubMed id:
DOI:
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Date:
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30-Jan-98
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Release date:
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27-May-98
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PROCHECK
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Headers
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References
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P60903
(S10AA_HUMAN) -
Protein S100-A10
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Seq:
Struc:
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97 a.a.
92 a.a.
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Key: |
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PfamA domain |
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Secondary structure |
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CATH domain |
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Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation
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Cellular component
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extrinsic to plasma membrane
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1 term
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Biological process
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cellular response to acid
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3 terms
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Biochemical function
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receptor binding
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2 terms
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DOI no:
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Nat Struct Biol
6:89-95
(1999)
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PubMed id:
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| |
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The crystal structure of a complex of p11 with the annexin II N-terminal peptide.
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S.Réty,
J.Sopkova,
M.Renouard,
D.Osterloh,
V.Gerke,
S.Tabaries,
F.Russo-Marie,
A.Lewit-Bentley.
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ABSTRACT
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The aggregation and membrane fusion properties of annexin II are modulated by
the association with a regulatory light chain called p11.p11 is a member of the
S100 EF-hand protein family, which is unique in having lost its calcium-binding
properties. We report the first structure of a complex between p11 and its
cognate peptide, the N-terminus of annexin II, as well as that of p11 alone. The
basic unit for p11 is a tight, non-covalent dimer. In the complex, each annexin
II peptide forms hydrophobic interactions with both p11 monomers, thus providing
a structural basis for high affinity interactions between an S100 protein and
its target sequence. Finally, p11 forms a disulfide-linked tetramer in both
types of crystals thus suggesting a model for an oxidized form of other S100
proteins that have been found in the extracellular milieu.
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Selected figure(s)
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Figure 3.
Figure 3. Electron density (2F[o] - F[c] map, contoured at 1.5
 )
of the region of interaction between the peptide and p11.
Residues Glu 5 and Glu 9 from p11 and residue His 4 and the
N-acetyl of the peptide are labeled.
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Figure 5.
Figure 5. Electron density (2F[o] - F[c] map, contoured at 1.5
)
corresponding to the disulfide bridge observed in the p11
structure. Prepared using SETOR^45.
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The above figures are
reprinted
by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd:
Nat Struct Biol
(1999,
6,
89-95)
copyright 1999.
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Figures were
selected
by an automated process.
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Literature references that cite this PDB file's key reference
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PubMed id
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Reference
|
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|
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E.Babini,
I.Bertini,
V.Borsi,
V.Calderone,
X.Hu,
C.Luchinat,
and
G.Parigi
(2011).
Structural characterization of human S100A16, a low-affinity calcium binder.
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J Biol Inorg Chem, 16,
243-256.
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PDB codes:
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L.Santamaria-Kisiel,
and
G.S.Shaw
(2011).
Identification of regions responsible for the open conformation of S100A10 using chimaeric S100A11-S100A10 proteins.
|
| |
Biochem J, 434,
37-48.
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|
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|
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C.Li,
T.R.Reddy,
P.M.Fischer,
and
L.V.Dekker
(2010).
A Cy5-labeled S100A10 tracer used to identify inhibitors of the protein interaction with annexin A2.
|
| |
Assay Drug Dev Technol, 8,
85-95.
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|
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|
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E.Umbrecht-Jenck,
V.Demais,
V.Calco,
Y.Bailly,
M.F.Bader,
and
S.Chasserot-Golaz
(2010).
S100A10-mediated translocation of annexin-A2 to SNARE proteins in adrenergic chromaffin cells undergoing exocytosis.
|
| |
Traffic, 11,
958-971.
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|
|
|
|
|
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J.F.Swisher,
N.Burton,
S.M.Bacot,
S.N.Vogel,
and
G.M.Feldman
(2010).
Annexin A2 tetramer activates human and murine macrophages through TLR4.
|
| |
Blood, 115,
549-558.
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|
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A.Rezvanpour,
J.M.Phillips,
and
G.S.Shaw
(2009).
Design of high-affinity S100-target hybrid proteins.
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| |
Protein Sci, 18,
2528-2536.
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|
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|
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|
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A.V.Harrist,
E.V.Ryzhova,
T.Harvey,
and
F.González-Scarano
(2009).
Anx2 interacts with HIV-1 Gag at phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate-containing lipid rafts and increases viral production in 293T cells.
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| |
PLoS ONE, 4,
e5020.
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|
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|
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|
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E.Morel,
and
J.Gruenberg
(2009).
Annexin A2 binding to endosomes and functions in endosomal transport are regulated by tyrosine 23 phosphorylation.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 284,
1604-1611.
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|
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|
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|
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N.R.West,
B.Farnell,
J.I.Murray,
F.Hof,
P.H.Watson,
and
M.J.Boulanger
(2009).
Structural and functional characterization of a triple mutant form of S100A7 defective for Jab1 binding.
|
| |
Protein Sci, 18,
2615-2623.
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PDB code:
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W.W.Streicher,
M.M.Lopez,
and
G.I.Makhatadze
(2009).
Annexin I and annexin II N-terminal peptides binding to S100 protein family members: specificity and thermodynamic characterization.
|
| |
Biochemistry, 48,
2788-2798.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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A.C.Rintala-Dempsey,
A.Rezvanpour,
and
G.S.Shaw
(2008).
S100-annexin complexes--structural insights.
|
| |
FEBS J, 275,
4956-4966.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.L.Cecil,
and
R.Terkeltaub
(2008).
Transamidation by transglutaminase 2 transforms S100A11 calgranulin into a procatabolic cytokine for chondrocytes.
|
| |
J Immunol, 180,
8378-8385.
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|
|
|
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|
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G.Tamma,
G.Procino,
M.G.Mola,
M.Svelto,
and
G.Valenti
(2008).
Functional involvement of Annexin-2 in cAMP induced AQP2 trafficking.
|
| |
Pflugers Arch, 456,
729-736.
|
|
|
|
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|
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J.Austermann,
A.R.Nazmi,
C.Müller-Tidow,
and
V.Gerke
(2008).
Characterization of the Ca2+ -regulated ezrin-S100P interaction and its role in tumor cell migration.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 283,
29331-29340.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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J.W.Torrance,
M.W.Macarthur,
and
J.M.Thornton
(2008).
Evolution of binding sites for zinc and calcium ions playing structural roles.
|
| |
Proteins, 71,
813-830.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.R.Fernandez-Fernandez,
T.J.Rutherford,
and
A.R.Fersht
(2008).
Members of the S100 family bind p53 in two distinct ways.
|
| |
Protein Sci, 17,
1663-1670.
|
|
|
|
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|
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M.Zibouche,
M.Vincent,
F.Illien,
J.Gallay,
and
J.Ayala-Sanmartin
(2008).
The N-terminal domain of annexin 2 serves as a secondary binding site during membrane bridging.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 283,
22121-22127.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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P.Pathuri,
L.Vogeley,
and
H.Luecke
(2008).
Crystal structure of metastasis-associated protein S100A4 in the active calcium-bound form.
|
| |
J Mol Biol, 383,
62-77.
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PDB code:
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|
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R.Pattarini,
Y.Rong,
C.Qu,
and
J.I.Morgan
(2008).
Distinct mechanisms of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine resistance revealed by transcriptome mapping in mouse striatum.
|
| |
Neuroscience, 155,
1174-1194.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.Malik,
M.Revington,
S.P.Smith,
and
G.S.Shaw
(2008).
Analysis of the structure of human apo-S100B at low temperature indicates a unimodal conformational distribution is adopted by calcium-free S100 proteins.
|
| |
Proteins, 73,
28-42.
|
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PDB code:
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|
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U.Rescher,
and
V.Gerke
(2008).
S100A10/p11: family, friends and functions.
|
| |
Pflugers Arch, 455,
575-582.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V.N.Malashkevich,
K.M.Varney,
S.C.Garrett,
P.T.Wilder,
D.Knight,
T.H.Charpentier,
U.A.Ramagopal,
S.C.Almo,
D.J.Weber,
and
A.R.Bresnick
(2008).
Structure of Ca2+-bound S100A4 and its interaction with peptides derived from nonmuscle myosin-IIA.
|
| |
Biochemistry, 47,
5111-5126.
|
|
|
PDB code:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.Tian,
G.T.Wijewickrama,
J.H.Kim,
S.Das,
M.P.Tun,
N.Gokhale,
J.W.Jung,
K.P.Kim,
and
W.Cho
(2008).
Mechanism of regulation of group IVA phospholipase A2 activity by Ser727 phosphorylation.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 283,
3960-3971.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.Shang,
H.Cheng,
and
R.Zhou
(2008).
Chromosomal mapping, differential origin and evolution of the S100 gene family.
|
| |
Genet Sel Evol, 40,
449-464.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.T.Lee,
Y.N.Dimitrova,
G.Schneider,
W.B.Ridenour,
S.Bhattacharya,
S.E.Soss,
R.M.Caprioli,
A.Filipek,
and
W.J.Chazin
(2008).
Structure of the S100A6 complex with a fragment from the C-terminal domain of Siah-1 interacting protein: a novel mode for S100 protein target recognition.
|
| |
Biochemistry, 47,
10921-10932.
|
|
|
PDB code:
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|
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|
|
D.M.Schulz,
S.Kalkhof,
A.Schmidt,
C.Ihling,
C.Stingl,
K.Mechtler,
O.Zschörnig,
and
A.Sinz
(2007).
Annexin A2/P11 interaction: new insights into annexin A2 tetramer structure by chemical crosslinking, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and computational modeling.
|
| |
Proteins, 69,
254-269.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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E.Morel,
and
J.Gruenberg
(2007).
The p11/S100A10 Light Chain of Annexin A2 Is Dispensable for Annexin A2 Association to Endosomes and Functions in Endosomal Transport.
|
| |
PLoS ONE, 2,
e1118.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.Xie,
D.S.Burz,
W.He,
I.B.Bronstein,
I.Lednev,
and
A.Shekhtman
(2007).
Hexameric calgranulin C (S100A12) binds to the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE) using symmetric hydrophobic target-binding patches.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 282,
4218-4231.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.C.Lee,
and
R.L.Eckert
(2007).
S100A7 (Psoriasin)--mechanism of antibacterial action in wounds.
|
| |
J Invest Dermatol, 127,
945-957.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.A.Borthwick,
J.McGaw,
G.Conner,
C.J.Taylor,
V.Gerke,
A.Mehta,
L.Robson,
and
R.Muimo
(2007).
The formation of the cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent annexin 2-S100A10 complex with cystic fibrosis conductance regulator protein (CFTR) regulates CFTR channel function.
|
| |
Mol Biol Cell, 18,
3388-3397.
|
|
|
|
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|
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T.Uebi,
N.Miwa,
and
S.Kawamura
(2007).
Comprehensive interaction of dicalcin with annexins in frog olfactory and respiratory cilia.
|
| |
FEBS J, 274,
4863-4876.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.Tabata,
F.Namba,
M.Yamada,
T.Hasegawa,
K.Nakahira,
D.Hamada,
H.Kitajima,
E.Fukusaki,
and
I.Yanagihara
(2006).
Expression and purification of recombinant human annexin A2 in Pichia pastoris and utility of expression product for detecting annexin A2 antibody.
|
| |
J Biosci Bioeng, 101,
190-197.
|
|
|
|
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|
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F.Capozzi,
F.Casadei,
and
C.Luchinat
(2006).
EF-hand protein dynamics and evolution of calcium signal transduction: an NMR view.
|
| |
J Biol Inorg Chem, 11,
949-962.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.M.Boeshans,
R.Wolf,
C.Voscopoulos,
W.Gillette,
D.Esposito,
T.C.Mueser,
S.H.Yuspa,
and
B.Ahvazi
(2006).
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction of human S100A15.
|
| |
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun, 62,
467-470.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.Ikura,
and
J.B.Ames
(2006).
Genetic polymorphism and protein conformational plasticity in the calmodulin superfamily: two ways to promote multifunctionality.
|
| |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103,
1159-1164.
|
|
|
|
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|
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S.De Seranno,
C.Benaud,
N.Assard,
S.Khediri,
V.Gerke,
J.Baudier,
and
C.Delphin
(2006).
Identification of an AHNAK binding motif specific for the Annexin2/S100A10 tetramer.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 281,
35030-35038.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V.Renigunta,
H.Yuan,
M.Zuzarte,
S.Rinné,
A.Koch,
E.Wischmeyer,
G.Schlichthörl,
Y.Gao,
A.Karschin,
R.Jacob,
B.Schwappach,
J.Daut,
and
R.Preisig-Müller
(2006).
The retention factor p11 confers an endoplasmic reticulum-localization signal to the potassium channel TASK-1.
|
| |
Traffic, 7,
168-181.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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A.Semov,
M.J.Moreno,
A.Onichtchenko,
A.Abulrob,
M.Ball,
I.Ekiel,
G.Pietrzynski,
D.Stanimirovic,
and
V.Alakhov
(2005).
Metastasis-associated protein S100A4 induces angiogenesis through interaction with Annexin II and accelerated plasmin formation.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 280,
20833-20841.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.Donier,
F.Rugiero,
K.Okuse,
and
J.N.Wood
(2005).
Annexin II light chain p11 promotes functional expression of acid-sensing ion channel ASIC1a.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 280,
38666-38672.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N.A.Gokhale,
A.Abraham,
M.A.Digman,
E.Gratton,
and
W.Cho
(2005).
Phosphoinositide specificity of and mechanism of lipid domain formation by annexin A2-p11 heterotetramer.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 280,
42831-42840.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.Chasserot-Golaz,
N.Vitale,
E.Umbrecht-Jenck,
D.Knight,
V.Gerke,
and
M.F.Bader
(2005).
Annexin 2 promotes the formation of lipid microdomains required for calcium-regulated exocytosis of dense-core vesicles.
|
| |
Mol Biol Cell, 16,
1108-1119.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V.Gerke,
C.E.Creutz,
and
S.E.Moss
(2005).
Annexins: linking Ca2+ signalling to membrane dynamics.
|
| |
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 6,
449-461.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.Menke,
M.Ross,
V.Gerke,
and
C.Steinem
(2004).
The molecular arrangement of membrane-bound annexin A2-S100A10 tetramer as revealed by scanning force microscopy.
|
| |
Chembiochem, 5,
1003-1006.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O.Lambert,
N.Cavusoglu,
J.Gallay,
M.Vincent,
J.L.Rigaud,
J.P.Henry,
and
J.Ayala-Sanmartin
(2004).
Novel organization and properties of annexin 2-membrane complexes.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 279,
10872-10882.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.L.Eckert,
A.M.Broome,
M.Ruse,
N.Robinson,
D.Ryan,
and
K.Lee
(2004).
S100 proteins in the epidermis.
|
| |
J Invest Dermatol, 123,
23-33.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.C.Dempsey,
M.P.Walsh,
and
G.S.Shaw
(2003).
Unmasking the annexin I interaction from the structure of Apo-S100A11.
|
| |
Structure, 11,
887-897.
|
|
|
PDB code:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.Tomas,
and
S.E.Moss
(2003).
Calcium- and cell cycle-dependent association of annexin 11 with the nuclear envelope.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 278,
20210-20216.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.B.Zimmer,
P.Wright Sadosky,
and
D.J.Weber
(2003).
Molecular mechanisms of S100-target protein interactions.
|
| |
Microsc Res Tech, 60,
552-559.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.C.Deloulme,
B.J.Gentil,
and
J.Baudier
(2003).
Monitoring of S100 homodimerization and heterodimeric interactions by the yeast two-hybrid system.
|
| |
Microsc Res Tech, 60,
560-568.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.A.McClintock,
and
G.S.Shaw
(2003).
A novel S100 target conformation is revealed by the solution structure of the Ca2+-S100B-TRTK-12 complex.
|
| |
J Biol Chem, 278,
6251-6257.
|
|
|
PDB code:
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|
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|
|
M.Koltzscher,
C.Neumann,
S.König,
and
V.Gerke
(2003).
Ca2+-dependent binding and activation of dormant ezrin by dimeric S100P.
|
| |
Mol Biol Cell, 14,
2372-2384.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.Nagae,
A.Nozawa,
N.Koizumi,
H.Sano,
H.Hashimoto,
M.Sato,
and
T.Shimizu
(2003).
The crystal structure of the novel calcium-binding protein AtCBL2 from Arabidopsis thaliana.
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J Biol Chem, 278,
42240-42246.
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PDB code:
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N.Mayran,
R.G.Parton,
and
J.Gruenberg
(2003).
Annexin II regulates multivesicular endosome biogenesis in the degradation pathway of animal cells.
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| |
EMBO J, 22,
3242-3253.
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S.Bhattacharya,
E.Large,
C.W.Heizmann,
B.Hemmings,
and
W.J.Chazin
(2003).
Structure of the Ca2+/S100B/NDR kinase peptide complex: insights into S100 target specificity and activation of the kinase.
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| |
Biochemistry, 42,
14416-14426.
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PDB code:
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S.Bhattacharya,
and
W.J.Chazin
(2003).
Calcium-driven changes in S100A11 structure revealed.
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| |
Structure, 11,
738-740.
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S.F.van de Graaf,
J.G.Hoenderop,
D.Gkika,
D.Lamers,
J.Prenen,
U.Rescher,
V.Gerke,
O.Staub,
B.Nilius,
and
R.J.Bindels
(2003).
Functional expression of the epithelial Ca(2+) channels (TRPV5 and TRPV6) requires association of the S100A10-annexin 2 complex.
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| |
EMBO J, 22,
1478-1487.
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T.J.MacLeod,
M.Kwon,
N.R.Filipenko,
and
D.M.Waisman
(2003).
Phospholipid-associated annexin A2-S100A10 heterotetramer and its subunits: characterization of the interaction with tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen, and plasmin.
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| |
J Biol Chem, 278,
25577-25584.
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W.Nacken,
J.Roth,
C.Sorg,
and
C.Kerkhoff
(2003).
S100A9/S100A8: Myeloid representatives of the S100 protein family as prominent players in innate immunity.
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| |
Microsc Res Tech, 60,
569-580.
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Z.H.Li,
A.Spektor,
O.Varlamova,
and
A.R.Bresnick
(2003).
Mts1 regulates the assembly of nonmuscle myosin-IIA.
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| |
Biochemistry, 42,
14258-14266.
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A.Filipek,
B.Jastrzebska,
M.Nowotny,
and
J.Kuznicki
(2002).
CacyBP/SIP, a calcyclin and Siah-1-interacting protein, binds EF-hand proteins of the S100 family.
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| |
J Biol Chem, 277,
28848-28852.
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A.V.Gribenko,
M.Guzmán-Casado,
M.M.Lopez,
and
G.I.Makhatadze
(2002).
Conformational and thermodynamic properties of peptide binding to the human S100P protein.
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| |
Protein Sci, 11,
1367-1375.
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C.Girard,
N.Tinel,
C.Terrenoire,
G.Romey,
M.Lazdunski,
and
M.Borsotto
(2002).
p11, an annexin II subunit, an auxiliary protein associated with the background K+ channel, TASK-1.
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| |
EMBO J, 21,
4439-4448.
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G.Fritz,
P.R.Mittl,
M.Vasak,
M.G.Grutter,
and
C.W.Heizmann
(2002).
The crystal structure of metal-free human EF-hand protein S100A3 at 1.7-A resolution.
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| |
J Biol Chem, 277,
33092-33098.
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L.R.Otterbein,
J.Kordowska,
C.Witte-Hoffmann,
C.L.Wang,
and
R.Dominguez
(2002).
Crystal structures of S100A6 in the Ca(2+)-free and Ca(2+)-bound states: the calcium sensor mechanism of S100 proteins revealed at atomic resolution.
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| |
Structure, 10,
557-567.
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PDB codes:
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R.A.Maxwell,
W.H.Welch,
F.M.Horodyski,
K.M.Schegg,
and
D.A.Schooley
(2002).
Juvenile hormone diol kinase. II. Sequencing, cloning, and molecular modeling of juvenile hormone-selective diol kinase from Manduca sexta.
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J Biol Chem, 277,
21882-21890.
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T.Hansen
(2002).
No immunosuppressive effect of transfected annexin II.
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| |
APMIS, 110,
403-409.
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K.G.Inman,
D.M.Baldisseri,
K.E.Miller,
and
D.J.Weber
(2001).
Backbone dynamics of the calcium-signaling protein apo-S100B as determined by 15N NMR relaxation.
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| |
Biochemistry, 40,
3439-3448.
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M.Ruse,
A.Lambert,
N.Robinson,
D.Ryan,
K.J.Shon,
and
R.L.Eckert
(2001).
S100A7, S100A10, and S100A11 are transglutaminase substrates.
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| |
Biochemistry, 40,
3167-3173.
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R.Donato
(2001).
S100: a multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles.
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| |
Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 33,
637-668.
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A.Lewit-Bentley,
and
S.Réty
(2000).
EF-hand calcium-binding proteins.
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| |
Curr Opin Struct Biol, 10,
637-643.
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J.Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos,
F.K.Oling,
S.Réty,
A.Brisson,
J.C.Smith,
and
A.Lewit-Bentley
(2000).
S100 protein-annexin interactions: a model of the (Anx2-p11)(2) heterotetramer complex.
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| |
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1498,
181-191.
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M.Koltzscher,
and
V.Gerke
(2000).
Identification of hydrophobic amino acid residues involved in the formation of S100P homodimers in vivo.
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| |
Biochemistry, 39,
9533-9539.
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S.Réty,
D.Osterloh,
J.P.Arié,
S.Tabaries,
J.Seeman,
F.Russo-Marie,
V.Gerke,
and
A.Lewit-Bentley
(2000).
Structural basis of the Ca(2+)-dependent association between S100C (S100A11) and its target, the N-terminal part of annexin I.
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| |
Structure, 8,
175-184.
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PDB code:
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K.L.Yap,
J.B.Ames,
M.B.Swindells,
and
M.Ikura
(1999).
Diversity of conformational states and changes within the EF-hand protein superfamily.
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| |
Proteins, 37,
499-507.
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R.Donato
(1999).
Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand type.
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| |
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1450,
191-231.
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The most recent references are shown first.
Citation data come partly from CiteXplore and partly
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so more and more references will be included with time.
Where a reference describes a PDB structure, the PDB
codes are
shown on the right.
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