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Mechanistic analyses of catalysis in human pancreatic alpha-amylase: detailed kinetic and structural studies of mutants of three conserved carboxylic acids.

Rydberg EH, Li C, Maurus R, Overall CM, Brayer GD, Withers SG
Biochemistry 41 4492-502 (2002)
Cited: 47 times
EuropePMC logo PMID: 11914097

Abstract

The roles of three conserved active site carboxylic acids (D197, E233, and D300) in the catalytic mechanism of human pancreatic alpha-amylase (HPA) were studied by utilizing site-directed mutagenesis in combination with structural and kinetic analyses of the resultant enzymes. All three residues were mutated to both alanine and the respective amide, and a double alanine mutant (E233A/D300A) was also generated. Structural analyses demonstrated that there were no significant differences in global fold for the mutant enzymes. Kinetic analyses were performed on the mutants, utilizing a range of substrates. All results suggested that D197 was the nucleophile, as virtually all activity (>10(5)-fold decrease in k(cat) values) was lost for the enzymes mutated at this position when assayed with several substrates. The significantly greater second-order rate constant of E233 mutants on "activated" substrates (k(cat)/K(m) value for alpha-maltotriosyl fluoride = 15 s(-)(1) mM(-)(1)) compared with "unactivated" substrates (k(cat)/K(m) value for maltopentaose = 0.0030 s(-)(1) mM(-)(1)) strongly suggested that E233 is the general acid catalyst, as did the pH-activity profiles. Transglycosylation was favored over hydrolysis for the reactions of several of the enzymes mutated at D300. At the least, this suggests an overall impairment of the catalytic mechanism where the reaction then proceeds using the better acceptor (oligosaccharide instead of water). This may also suggest that D300 plays a crucial role in enzymic interactions with the nucleophilic water during the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond.

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  1. Structure of human salivary alpha-amylase crystallized in a C-centered monoclinic space group. Fisher SZ, Govindasamy L, Tu C, Agbandje-McKenna M, Silverman DN, Rajaniemi HJ, McKenna R. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 62 88-93 (2006)


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  2. Natural Inhibitors of Mammalian α-Amylases as Promising Drugs for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Kalinovskii AP, Sintsova OV, Gladkikh IN, Leychenko EV. Int J Mol Sci 24 16514 (2023)

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