1gfl Citations

The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein.

Nat Biotechnol 14 1246-51 (1996)
Cited: 782 times
EuropePMC logo PMID: 9631087

Abstract

The crystal structure of recombinant wild-type green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been solved to a resolution of 1.9 A by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion phasing methods. The protein is in the shape of a cylinder, comprising 11 strands of beta-sheet with an alpha-helix inside and short helical segments on the ends of the cylinder. This motif, with beta-structure on the outside and alpha-helix on the inside, represents a new protein fold, which we have named the beta-can. Two protomers pack closely together to form a dimer in the crystal. The fluorophores are protected inside the cylinders, and their structures are consistent with the formation of aromatic systems made up of Tyr66 with reduction of its C alpha-C beta bond coupled with cyclization of the neighboring glycine and serine residues. The environment inside the cylinder explains the effects of many existing mutants of GFP and suggests specific side chains that could be modified to change the spectral properties of GFP. Furthermore, the identification of the dimer contacts may allow mutagenic control of the state of assembly of the protein.

Reviews - 1gfl mentioned but not cited (8)

  1. Progress and prospects for small-molecule probes of bacterial imaging. Kocaoglu O, Carlson EE. Nat Chem Biol 12 472-478 (2016)
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  6. Bifunctional Non-Canonical Amino Acids: Combining Photo-Crosslinking with Click Chemistry. Hoffmann JE. Biomolecules 10 E578 (2020)
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  8. Plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins for generating reactive oxygen species. Leem JW, Kim SR, Choi KH, Kim YL. Nano Converg 5 8 (2018)

Articles - 1gfl mentioned but not cited (119)

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  17. Predicting transition temperatures of elastin-like polypeptide fusion proteins. Christensen T, Hassouneh W, Trabbic-Carlson K, Chilkoti A. Biomacromolecules 14 1514-1519 (2013)
  18. Toward a molecular understanding of the anisotropic response of proteins to external forces: insights from elastic network models. Eyal E, Bahar I. Biophys J 94 3424-3435 (2008)
  19. Dynamics of protein and its hydration water: neutron scattering studies on fully deuterated GFP. Nickels JD, O'Neill H, Hong L, Tyagi M, Ehlers G, Weiss KL, Zhang Q, Yi Z, Mamontov E, Smith JC, Sokolov AP. Biophys J 103 1566-1575 (2012)
  20. eZinCh-2: A Versatile, Genetically Encoded FRET Sensor for Cytosolic and Intraorganelle Zn(2+) Imaging. Hessels AM, Chabosseau P, Bakker MH, Engelen W, Rutter GA, Taylor KM, Merkx M. ACS Chem Biol 10 2126-2134 (2015)
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  27. Conformational plasticity of the ClpAP AAA+ protease couples protein unfolding and proteolysis. Lopez KE, Rizo AN, Tse E, Lin J, Scull NW, Thwin AC, Lucius AL, Shorter J, Southworth DR. Nat Struct Mol Biol 27 406-416 (2020)
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  33. Conformation of the c-Fos/c-Jun complex in vivo: a combined FRET, FCCS, and MD-modeling study. Vámosi G, Baudendistel N, von der Lieth CW, Szalóki N, Mocsár G, Müller G, Brázda P, Waldeck W, Damjanovich S, Langowski J, Tóth K. Biophys J 94 2859-2868 (2008)
  34. Protein kinase Cδ-mediated phosphorylation of Connexin43 gap junction channels causes movement within gap junctions followed by vesicle internalization and protein degradation. Cone AC, Cavin G, Ambrosi C, Hakozaki H, Wu-Zhang AX, Kunkel MT, Newton AC, Sosinsky GE. J Biol Chem 289 8781-8798 (2014)
  35. A fluorescent biosensor reveals conformational changes in human immunoglobulin E Fc: implications for mechanisms of receptor binding, inhibition, and allergen recognition. Hunt J, Keeble AH, Dale RE, Corbett MK, Beavil RL, Levitt J, Swann MJ, Suhling K, Ameer-Beg S, Sutton BJ, Beavil AJ. J Biol Chem 287 17459-17470 (2012)
  36. Both ATPase domains of ClpA are critical for processing of stable protein structures. Kress W, Mutschler H, Weber-Ban E. J Biol Chem 284 31441-31452 (2009)
  37. Complementation and reconstitution of fluorescence from circularly permuted and truncated green fluorescent protein. Huang YM, Bystroff C. Biochemistry 48 929-940 (2009)
  38. Design and applications of a clamp for Green Fluorescent Protein with picomolar affinity. Hansen S, Stüber JC, Ernst P, Koch A, Bojar D, Batyuk A, Plückthun A. Sci Rep 7 16292 (2017)
  39. Novel ecto-tagged integrins reveal their trafficking in live cells. Huet-Calderwood C, Rivera-Molina F, Iwamoto DV, Kromann EB, Toomre D, Calderwood DA. Nat Commun 8 570 (2017)
  40. Photophysics and dihedral freedom of the chromophore in yellow, blue, and green fluorescent protein. Megley CM, Dickson LA, Maddalo SL, Chandler GJ, Zimmer M. J Phys Chem B 113 302-308 (2009)
  41. An evolutionarily stable strategy to colonize spatially extended habitats. Liu W, Cremer J, Li D, Hwa T, Liu C. Nature 575 664-668 (2019)
  42. An improved optical tweezers assay for measuring the force generation of single kinesin molecules. Nicholas MP, Rao L, Gennerich A. Methods Mol Biol 1136 171-246 (2014)
  43. Direct imaging of liquid domains in membranes by cryo-electron tomography. Cornell CE, Mileant A, Thakkar N, Lee KK, Keller SL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117 19713-19719 (2020)
  44. Calmodulin is a functional regulator of Cav1.4 L-type Ca2+ channels. Griessmeier K, Cuny H, Rötzer K, Griesbeck O, Harz H, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C. J Biol Chem 284 29809-29816 (2009)
  45. Rigidity, secondary structure, and the universality of the boson peak in proteins. Perticaroli S, Nickels JD, Ehlers G, Sokolov AP. Biophys J 106 2667-2674 (2014)
  46. Detecting repetitions and periodicities in proteins by tiling the structural space. Parra RG, Espada R, Sánchez IE, Sippl MJ, Ferreiro DU. J Phys Chem B 117 12887-12897 (2013)
  47. In vivo imaging of the actin polymerization state with two-photon fluorescence anisotropy. Vishwasrao HD, Trifilieff P, Kandel ER. Biophys J 102 1204-1214 (2012)
  48. Determining protein complex structures based on a Bayesian model of in vivo Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) data. Bonomi M, Pellarin R, Kim SJ, Russel D, Sundin BA, Riffle M, Jaschob D, Ramsden R, Davis TN, Muller EG, Sali A. Mol Cell Proteomics 13 2812-2823 (2014)
  49. Lifetime imaging of GFP at CoxVIIIa reports respiratory supercomplex assembly in live cells. Rieger B, Shalaeva DN, Söhnel AC, Kohl W, Duwe P, Mulkidjanian AY, Busch KB. Sci Rep 7 46055 (2017)
  50. Mapping transmembrane binding partners for E-cadherin ectodomains. Shafraz O, Xie B, Yamada S, Sivasankar S. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117 31157-31165 (2020)
  51. Anomalous negative fluorescence anisotropy in yellow fluorescent protein (YFP 10C): quantitative analysis of FRET in YFP dimers. Shi X, Basran J, Seward HE, Childs W, Bagshaw CR, Boxer SG. Biochemistry 46 14403-14417 (2007)
  52. TCR-pMHC bond conformation controls TCR ligand discrimination. Sasmal DK, Feng W, Roy S, Leung P, He Y, Cai C, Cao G, Lian H, Qin J, Hui E, Schreiber H, Adams EJ, Huang J. Cell Mol Immunol 17 203-217 (2020)
  53. FRET-based cyclic GMP biosensors measure low cGMP concentrations in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Calamera G, Li D, Ulsund AH, Kim JJ, Neely OC, Moltzau LR, Bjørnerem M, Paterson D, Kim C, Levy FO, Andressen KW. Commun Biol 2 394 (2019)
  54. Structural evidence for a dehydrated intermediate in green fluorescent protein chromophore biosynthesis. Pletneva NV, Pletnev VZ, Lukyanov KA, Gurskaya NG, Goryacheva EA, Martynov VI, Wlodawer A, Dauter Z, Pletnev S. J Biol Chem 285 15978-15984 (2010)
  55. The mechanism of a green fluorescent protein proton shuttle unveiled in the time-resolved frequency domain by excited state ab initio dynamics. Donati G, Petrone A, Caruso P, Rega N. Chem Sci 9 1126-1135 (2018)
  56. Cotranslational protein assembly imposes evolutionary constraints on homomeric proteins. Natan E, Endoh T, Haim-Vilmovsky L, Flock T, Chalancon G, Hopper JTS, Kintses B, Horvath P, Daruka L, Fekete G, Pál C, Papp B, Oszi E, Magyar Z, Marsh JA, Elcock AH, Babu MM, Robinson CV, Sugimoto N, Teichmann SA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 25 279-288 (2018)
  57. Internal core protein cleavage leaves the hepatitis B virus capsid intact and enhances its capacity for surface display of heterologous whole chain proteins. Walker A, Skamel C, Vorreiter J, Nassal M. J Biol Chem 283 33508-33515 (2008)
  58. Malaria parasite LIMP protein regulates sporozoite gliding motility and infectivity in mosquito and mammalian hosts. Santos JM, Egarter S, Zuzarte-Luís V, Kumar H, Moreau CA, Kehrer J, Pinto A, Costa MD, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Frischknecht F, Mair GR. Elife 6 e24109 (2017)
  59. The Role of the Tight-Turn, Broken Hydrogen Bonding, Glu222 and Arg96 in the Post-translational Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Formation. Lemay NP, Morgan AL, Archer EJ, Dickson LA, Megley CM, Zimmer M. Chem Phys 348 152-160 (2008)
  60. Type III secretion system effector proteins are mechanically labile. LeBlanc MA, Fink MR, Perkins TT, Sousa MC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118 e2019566118 (2021)
  61. GFP's mechanical intermediate states. Saeger J, Hytönen VP, Klotzsch E, Vogel V. PLoS One 7 e46962 (2012)
  62. Nanometer-accuracy distance measurements between fluorophores at the single-molecule level. Niekamp S, Sung J, Huynh W, Bhabha G, Vale RD, Stuurman N. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116 4275-4284 (2019)
  63. Deciphering the preference and predicting the viability of circular permutations in proteins. Lo WC, Dai T, Liu YY, Wang LF, Hwang JK, Lyu PC. PLoS One 7 e31791 (2012)
  64. Live-Cell Cardiac-Specific High-Throughput Screening Platform for Drug-Like Molecules that Enhance Ca2+ Transport. Schaaf TM, Kleinboehl E, Yuen SL, Roelike LN, Svensson B, Thompson AR, Cornea RL, Thomas DD. Cells 9 E1170 (2020)
  65. Module based antibody engineering: a novel synthetic REDantibody. Markiv A, Anani B, Durvasula RV, Kang AS. J Immunol Methods 364 40-49 (2011)
  66. Separating distinct structures of multiple macromolecular assemblies from cryo-EM projections. Verbeke EJ, Zhou Y, Horton AP, Mallam AL, Taylor DW, Marcotte EM. J Struct Biol 209 107416 (2020)
  67. Circular permutation prediction reveals a viable backbone disconnection for split proteins: an approach in identifying a new functional split intein. Lee YT, Su TH, Lo WC, Lyu PC, Sue SC. PLoS One 7 e43820 (2012)
  68. Steric hindrance of SNARE transmembrane domain organization impairs the hemifusion-to-fusion transition. D'Agostino M, Risselada HJ, Mayer A. EMBO Rep 17 1590-1608 (2016)
  69. Structural basis for the development of avian virus capsids that display influenza virus proteins and induce protective immunity. Pascual E, Mata CP, Gómez-Blanco J, Moreno N, Bárcena J, Blanco E, Rodríguez-Frandsen A, Nieto A, Carrascosa JL, Castón JR. J Virol 89 2563-2574 (2015)
  70. Coherent neutron scattering and collective dynamics in the protein, GFP. Nickels JD, Perticaroli S, O'Neill H, Zhang Q, Ehlers G, Sokolov AP. Biophys J 105 2182-2187 (2013)
  71. Complete Proton Transfer Cycle in GFP and Its T203V and S205V Mutants. Laptenok SP, Lukacs A, Gil A, Brust R, Sazanovich IV, Greetham GM, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 54 9303-9307 (2015)
  72. Imaging living obligate anaerobic bacteria with bilin-binding fluorescent proteins. Chia HE, Zuo T, Koropatkin NM, Marsh ENG, Biteen JS. Curr Res Microb Sci 1 1-6 (2020)
  73. Interactions between a subset of substrate side chains and AAA+ motor pore loops determine grip during protein unfolding. Bell TA, Baker TA, Sauer RT. Elife 8 e46808 (2019)
  74. Protein unfolding by biological unfoldases: insights from modeling. Wojciechowski M, Szymczak P, Carrión-Vázquez M, Cieplak M. Biophys J 107 1661-1668 (2014)
  75. Blocking HIV-1 Infection by Chromosomal Integrative Expression of Human CD4 on the Surface of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Wei W, Wiggins J, Hu D, Vrbanac V, Bowder D, Mellon M, Tager A, Sodroski J, Xiang SH. J Virol 93 e01830-18 (2019)
  76. Effect of Ca²⁺ on the steady-state and time-resolved emission properties of the genetically encoded fluorescent sensor CatchER. Zhuo Y, Solntsev KM, Reddish F, Tang S, Yang JJ. J Phys Chem B 119 2103-2111 (2015)
  77. Reciprocal regulation among TRPV1 channels and phosphoinositide 3-kinase in response to nerve growth factor. Stratiievska A, Nelson S, Senning EN, Lautz JD, Smith SE, Gordon SE. Elife 7 e38869 (2018)
  78. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Library of Fluorescent Dipeptidomimetic Analogues as Substrates for Modified Bacterial Ribosomes. Chowdhury SR, Chauhan PS, Dedkova LM, Bai X, Chen S, Talukder P, Hecht SM. Biochemistry 55 2427-2440 (2016)
  79. Conformational analysis of a genetically encoded FRET biosensor by SAXS. Mertens HD, Piljić A, Schultz C, Svergun DI. Biophys J 102 2866-2875 (2012)
  80. Structure-based design of combinatorial mutagenesis libraries. Verma D, Grigoryan G, Bailey-Kellogg C. Protein Sci 24 895-908 (2015)
  81. A Not Obvious Correlation Between the Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Pocket and Hydrogen Bond Dynamics: A Choreography From ab initio Molecular Dynamics. Coppola F, Perrella F, Petrone A, Donati G, Rega N. Front Mol Biosci 7 569990 (2020)
  82. FRET-based localization of fluorescent protein insertions within the ryanodine receptor type 1. Raina SA, Tsai J, Samsó M, Fessenden JD. PLoS One 7 e38594 (2012)
  83. Organic Solvents for Enhanced Proteolysis of Stable Proteins for Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Guo C, Steinberg LK, Henderson JP, Gross ML. Anal Chem 92 11553-11557 (2020)
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  90. Lumenal exposed regions of the D1 protein of PSII are long enough to be degraded by the chloroplast Deg1 protease. Knopf RR, Adam Z. Sci Rep 8 5230 (2018)
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  101. Engineering Photoactivatability in Genetically Encoded Voltage and pH Indicators. Lee S, Song YK, Baker BJ. Front Cell Neurosci 13 482 (2019)
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  106. Evaluation of Structurally Distorted Split GFP Fluorescent Sensors for Cell-Based Detection of Viral Proteolytic Activity. Guerreiro MR, Fernandes AR, Coroadinha AS. Sensors (Basel) 21 E24 (2020)
  107. Intramolecular Fluorescent Protein Association in a Class of Zinc FRET Sensors Leads to Increased Dynamic Range. Slocum JD, Palmer AE, Jimenez R. J Phys Chem B 123 3079-3085 (2019)
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