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Overview
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, class I/II (IPR002202)
Short name: HMG_CoA_Rdtase
Overlapping homologous superfamilies
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, class I/II, NAD/NADP-binding domain superfamily (IPR009023)
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, class I/II, substrate-binding domain superfamily (IPR009029)
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, class I/II, catalytic domain superfamily (IPR023074)
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, N-terminal (IPR023282)
Family relationships
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, class I/II (IPR002202)
Description
There are two distinct classes of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase enzymes: class I consists of eukaryotic and most archaeal enzymes (EC:1.1.1.34), while class II consists of prokaryotic enzymes (EC:1.1.1.88) [PMID: 10068515, PMID: 15535874].
Class I HMG-CoA reductases catalyse the NADP-dependent synthesis of mevalonate from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). In vertebrates, membrane-bound HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids. In plants, mevalonate is the precursor of all isoprenoid compounds [PMID: 15535874]. The reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is regulated by feedback inhibition by sterols and non-sterol metabolites derived from mevalonate, including cholesterol. In archaea, HMG-CoA reductase is a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the isoprenoids side chains of lipids [PMID: 10600463]. Class I HMG-CoA reductases consist of an N-terminal membrane domain (lacking in archaeal enzymes), and a C-terminal catalytic region. The catalytic region can be subdivided into three domains: an N-domain (N-terminal), a large L-domain, and a small S-domain (inserted within the L-domain). The L-domain binds the substrate, while the S-domain binds NADP.
Class II HMG-CoA reductases catalyse the reverse reaction of class I enzymes, namely the NAD-dependent synthesis of HMG-CoA from mevalonate and CoA [PMID: 15028676]. Some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas mevalonii, can use mevalonate as the sole carbon source. Class II enzymes lack a membrane domain. Their catalytic region is structurally related to that of class I enzymes, but it consists of only two domains: a large L-domain and a small S-domain (inserted within the L-domain). As with class I enzymes, the L-domain binds substrate, but the S-domain binds NAD (instead of NADP in class I).
GO terms
Biological Process
GO:0015936 coenzyme A metabolic process
GO:0055114 oxidation-reduction process
Molecular Function
GO:0050662 coenzyme binding
GO:0004420 hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity
Cellular Component
No terms assigned in this category.